بررسی روند تغییرات آلودگی های نفتی موجود در رسوبات سطحی دریای خزر (سواحل استان مازندران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده مهندسی نفت، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر، تهران، ایران

2 دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

3 گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران

چکیده

مناطق ساحلی دریای خزر در سال‌های اخیر تحت تاثیر آلودگی‌های زیادی قرار گرفته‌اند. این مناطق با توجه به وجود منابع هیدروکربنی در حوضه دریای مازندران و همچنین عوامل انسانی در معرض مشکلات زیست محیطی هستند. به منظور تعیین میزان آلودگی در نوار ساحلی این اکوسیستم در استان، غلظت آلکان‌های نرمال در 6 ایستگاه مختلف با برداشت 30 نمونه از رسوبات سطحی در عمق حدود 5 متری از سطح آب مورد بررسی قرارگرفت. بررسی غلظت آلکان‌های نرمال در ایستگاه‌های مورد مطالعه نشان می‌دهد میزان آلودگی هیدروکربنی موجود در نمونه‌های مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق، در مقایسه با مطالعات انجام شده در سال‌های قبل در همین ایستگاه‌ها افزایش قابل توجهی داشته است. میزان غلظت آلکان‌های نرمال از کمترین مقدار24/3 میکروگرم بر گرم نمونه خشک در ایستگاه نشتارود تا بیشترین مقدار 690/7 میکروگرم بر گرم نمونه خشک در ایستگاه نوشهر متغیر است و اغلب ایستگاه دارای غلظت متوسط هستند. افزایش میزان آلودگی‌ها در طی سال‌های اخیر در نتیجه افزایش فعالیت‌های نفتی مربوط به اکتشاف، تولید و بهره‌برداری از منابع نفتی و نیز عوامل انسانی می‌باشد. همچنین وجود جنگل‌های هیرکانی در سواحل جنوبی دریای مازندران و افزایش تصرف در جنگل‌ها در سال‌های اخیر نیز از علل انتقال آلودگی به دریای خزر و افزایش غلظت آلودگی‌ها در منطقه است. جهت تعیین منشا آلکان‌های نرمال در منطقه از شاخص‌های منشایابی شامل اندیس C17-n/Pristane، Pristane/Phytane,HMW/LMW، CPI و   C18-n/Phytane استفاده گردید و نتایج حاصل نشان‌دهنده ورودی‌های پتروژنیک و بیوژنیک در ایستگاه‌های نمونه‌برداری است که آلودگی‌های پتروژنیک به‌طور غالب در منطقه دیده می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing the Oil Pollution Trend in Surface Sediments along the Coastal Area of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran Province)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Raheb Hosseini Bizaki 1
  • Ahmad Reza Rabbani 1
  • Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiyari 2
  • Mitra Cheraghi 3
1 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
3 Department of Nature Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
چکیده [English]

Coastal areas of the Caspian Sea have been affected by pollution in recent years. These areas are exposed to environmental problems due to the presence of hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian Sea basin as well as human factors. To determine the amount of contamination in the coastal strip of this sea, the concentration of normal alkanes in 6 different stations was investigated by taking 30 samples from a depth of 5 meters from the water surface. Investigating the concentration of normal alkanes in the studied stations show that the amount of hydrocarbons contaminated in the studied area, compared with the previous year’s studies, shows a significant increase in concentration. The concentration of n-alkanes are among the 24.3 µg/g (the minimum concentration) in Nashtarood Station to 690.7 µg/g (the maximum concentration) in Noshahr Station, and most of the stations have moderate concentration of n-alkanes. The increase of pollution in recent years as a result of increased oil activities related to the exploration, production, and exploitation of oil resources and human factors. Also, the presence of Hyrcanian forests on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and increasing seizure of forests in recent years have led to increased contamination in the region due to pollution transmission to the Caspian Sea. To determine the origin of normal alkanes in the region, the indexes of CPI, LMW / HMW, Pristane / Phytane, n-C17 / Pristane and n-C18 / Phytane were used. The results show petrogenetic and biogenic inputs at sampling stations that petrogenetic contamination is prevalent in the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Environment Pollution
  • Caspian Sea
  • n-alkanes
  • Petrogenic
  • Biogenic
[1]    R. Akhbarizadeh, F. Moore, B. Keshavarzi, and A.Moeinpour, “Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons risk assessment in coastal water and sediments of Khark Island, SW Iran,” Marine pollution bulletin, vol. 108, pp. 33-45, 2016.
[2]    A. Danekar and H. Majnonian, “Proposed criteria for assessing coastal areas in order to determine the areas under the Coastal-marine protection of Iran. Case study: Assessment of Protected Areas of the Caspian Sea,” Journal of Environmental Studies, vol.30, pp. 9-32, 1383.
[3]    I. Bouloubassi, J. Fillaux, and A. Saliot, “Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze river) estuary, East China Sea,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 42, pp. 1335-1346, 2001.
[4]    R. Freydoni, Z. Farhadi, A. R. Bakhtiari, and H. N.Saravi, “Integrated Use of n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Source Identification Petroleum Hydrocarbons at 5, 15 and 30 m Depths in Noshahr and Amir Abad Ports, Caspian Sea,” J Mazand Univ Med Sci, vol. 23, pp. 56-65, 2013.
[5]    R. Azimi Yancheshmeh, A. Riyahi Bakhtiyari, and S. Mortazavi, “Determination of the concentration and origin of n-alkanes in surface sediments of the Caspian Sea (Anzali),” Journal of Oceanography, pp. 63-73, 1393.
[6]    M. Fingas, The basics of oil spill cleanup: CRC press, 2012.
[7]    A. Abesi and M. Saiedi, “The origin of hydrocarbons in sediments of the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in the provinces of Golestan and Mazandaran,” Journal of Environmental Studies, pp. 48-53, 2010.
[8] S. Leroy, “Rapid environmental changes and civilisation collapse: can we learn from them?,” 2005.
[9]  J. C. Colombo, E. Pelletier, C. Brochu, M. Khalil, and J. A. Catoggio, “Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 23, pp. 888-894, 1989.
[10] P. M. Medeiros, M. C. Bícego, R. M. Castelao, C. Del Rosso, G. Fillmann, and A. J. Zamboni, “Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs to sediments of Patos Lagoon Estuary, Brazil,” Environment International, vol. 31, pp. 77-87, 2005.
[11] R. Boonyatumanond, G. Wattayakorn, A. Togo, and H. Takada, “Distribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in riverine, estuarine, and marine sediments in Thailand,” Marine pollution bulletin, vol. 52, pp. 942-956, 2006.
[12] X. Gao and S. Chen, “Petroleum pollution in surface sediments of Daya Bay, South China, revealed by chemical fingerprinting of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 80, pp. 95-102, 2008.
[13] S. Mishra, P. Wefers, M. Schmidt, K. Knittel, M. Krüger, M. H. Stagars, et al., “Hydrocarbon Degradation in Caspian Sea Sediment Cores Subjected to Simulated Petroleum Seepage in a Newly Designed Sediment-Oil-Flow-Through System,” Frontiers in microbiology, vol. 8, p. 763, 2017.
[14] I. Tolosa, S. de Mora, M. R. Sheikholeslami, J.-P. Villeneuve, J. Bartocci, and C. Cattini, “Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea sediments,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 48, pp. 44-60, 2004.
[15] C. M. Zadeh, A. Saify, and H. Shalikar, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along the eastern Caspian Sea coast,” Glob. Environ. Res, vol. 4, pp. 5963, 2010.
[16] G. Shirneshan, A. R. Bakhtiari, and M. Memariani, “Distribution and origins of n-alkanes, hopanes, and steranes in rivers and marine sediments from Southwest Caspian coast, Iran: implications for identifying petroleum hydrocarbon inputs,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 23, pp. 17484-17495, 2016.
[17] M. Commendatore, J. L. Esteves, and J. C. Colombo, “Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of Patagonia, Argentina: levels and probable sources,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 40, pp. 989-998, 2000.
[18] J. Readman, G. Fillmann, I. Tolosa, J. Bartocci, J.-P. Villeneuve, C. Catinni, et al., “Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 44, pp. 48-62, 2002.
[19] J. M. Ahad, R. S. Ganeshram, C. L. Bryant, L. M. Cisneros-Dozal, P. L. Ascough, A. E. Fallick, et al., “Sources of n-alkanes in an urbanized estuary: Insights from molecular distributions and compound-specific stable and radiocarbon isotopes,” Marine Chemistry, vol. 126, pp. 239-249, 2011.
[20] J.-x. Guo and J. Fang, “The distribution of n-alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in water of Taihu lake,” Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 12, pp. 258-264, 2012.
[21] P. Gearing, J. N. Gearing, T. F. Lytle, and J. S. Lytle, “Hydrocarbons in 60 northeast Gulf of Mexico shelf sediments: a preliminary survey,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 40, pp. 1005-1017, 1976.
[22] S. Giuliani, M. Sprovieri, M. Frignani, N. H. Cu, C. Mugnai, L. G. Bellucci, et al., “Presence and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of nine coastal lagoons in central Vietnam,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 56, pp. 1504-1512, 2008.
[23] J. Gomez-Belinchon, R. Llop, J. Grimalt, and J. Albaiges, “The decoupling of hydrocarbons and fatty acids in the dissolved and particulate water phases of a deltaic environment,” Marine chemistry, vol. 25, pp. 325-348, 1988.
[24] O. E. Oyo-Ita, B. O. Ekpo, D. R. Oros, and B. R. Simoneit, “Distributions and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons and ketones in surface sediments from the Cross River estuary, SE Niger Delta, Nigeria,” Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, vol. 5, 2010.
[25] S. Ou, J. Zheng, J. Zheng, B. J. Richardson, and P. K. Lam, “Petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Xiamen Harbour and Yuan Dan Lake, China,” Chemosphere, vol. 56, pp. 107-112, 2004.
[26] S. Díez, E. Jover, J. M. Bayona, and J. Albaigés, “Prestige oil spill. III. Fate of a heavy oil in the marine environment,” Environmental science & technology, vol. 41, pp. 3075-3082, 2007.
 
[27] M. Mazurek and B. Simoneit, “Characterization of biogenic and petroleum-derived organic matter in aerosols over remote, rural and urban areas,” Identification and analysis of organic pollutants in air, vol. 22, p. 353, 1984.