بررسی وضعیت خروجی فسفر از حوضه های مختلف در استان گیلان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه خاکشناسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران

چکیده

فسفر از عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاهان و از آلاینده‌های مهم با منشاء غیرنقطه‌ای است که از مناطق مسکونی، صنعتی، زمینهای کشاورزی و رواناب‌های شهری سرچشمه می‌گیرد. فسفر در اثر فرسایش و حرکت رواناب از حوضه‌ها خارج شده و وارد منابع آب می‌شود. در این پژوهش، خروج فسفر از حوضه‌های با کاربری متفاوت در استان گیلان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. حوضه‌ها شامل دیوشل، کمسار، جوکلبندان، سراوان و سنگر بودند. نمونه‌برداری از رواناب حوضه­ها طی یک سال )به صورت ماهانه( از نقطه خروجی آنها صورت گرفت. مقدار EC و pH ، مواد جامد کل، محلول و معلق به روش وزنی و سه نوع فسفر کل، فسفر محلول و فسفر همراه ذرات اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین هدر رفت فسفر کل در بهمن ماه ) 228/0میلی گرم بر لیتر( در حوضه سنگر با عمده کاربری جنگل و زراعی رخ داده است. تغییرات فسفر در حوضه‌ها وابسته به میزان بارندگی ماهانه است و با افزایش میزان بارندگی مقدار خروجی فسفر افزایش می‌یابد. بیشترین میانگین فسفر محلول خارج شده از حوضه‌ها مربوط به جوکلبندان با کاربری غالب جنگل ) 36/0 میلی گرم بر لیتر( و سراوان با کاربری جنگل و فعالیت‌های صنعتی ) 33/0 میلی گرم بر لیتر( است. همچنین بیشترین هدررفت فسفر همراه ذرات نیز در اردیبهشت در حوضه سنگر ) 192/0میلی‌گرم بر لیتر( مشاهده شد. میزان فسفر خروجی از این حوضه‌ها به اندازه‌ای می­باشد که بتواند باعث پدیده غنی شدن منابع آبی و در نتیجه سبب کاهش کیفیت آنها شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of the Phosphorus Losses from Different Watersheds in Guilan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • H. Asadi 1
  • V. Latifi 2
  • E. Ebrahimi 2
1 Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Soil Science Department, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plants which is major pollutants originating from non-point sources such as urban run-off, residential, industrial and agricultural areas. Run-off movement and erosion result in phosphorus loss from watershed and entering the water body. The aim of this study was to investigate the phosphorus release from sub-watersheds under different land-use in Guilan province. These sub-watersheds included Divshel, Komsar, Jokolbandan, Sangar and Saravan. Samples were taken monthly from the run-off of these sub-watersheds during one year. Then, some properties of run-off including electrical conductivity and acidity of run-off, total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids were measured by weighing method; moreover, three types of phosphorus, total phosphorus, water-soluble phosphorus and particulate phosphorus were determined as well. The results showed that the highest loss of total phosphorus was relevant to Sangar with forest and agricultural land uses in February (0.228 mg/l). Phosphorus variations in these sub-watersheds were dependent on the amount of monthly precipitation and phosphorus loss was increased with augmenting rainfall. The maximum mean of water-soluble phosphorus losses were related to Jokolbandan with the dominant land use of forest (0.36 mg/l) and Saravan with land uses of forest and industrial activities (0.33 mg/l), respectively. Furthermore, the highest loss of particulate phosphorus was from Sangar in April (0.192 mg/l). The level of phosphorous losses from the studied sub-watersheds was high enough to result in eutrophication of water bodies and consequently water quality decline.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Run-off
  • Soil Erosion
  • Soluble Solid
  • Particulate Phosphorus
[1] A. Galati, L. Gristina, M. Crescimanno, E. Barone, A. Novara, Towards more efficient incentives for agri-environment measures in degraded and eroded vineyards, Land Degradation & Development, 26(6) (2015) 557-564.
[2] J. Lieskovský, P. Kenderessy, Modelling the effect of vegetation cover and different tillage practices on soil erosion in vineyards: a case study in Vráble (Slovakia) using WATEM/SEDEM, Land Degradation & Development, 25(3) (2014) 288-296.
[3] P. Tarolli, G. Sofia, Human topographic signatures and derived geomorphic processes across landscapes, Geomorphology, 255 (2016) 140-161.
[4] M.M. Al-Kaisi, Hanna, M., Litch, M., and Peterson, T. S., Soil Erosion and Water Quality, iowa State University Extension. Washington, DC, (2003) 8.
[5] D. McCool, K. Renard, Water erosion and water quality, in: Advances in soil science, Springer, 1990, pp. 175-185.
[6] G. Klein, and Perera, P., Eutrophication and Health. Environment Quality and Natural Resources European Commission, Luxembourg. L-2985., (2002).
[7] A. Van Ginkel, Walmsley, G., and Butty, J., , Eutrophication. National Eutrophication Monitoring Programmer Design, Germany, (2000).
[8] C.W. Wood, Mullins, G. L., and Hajek, B. F., Phosphorus in Agriculture, Soil Quality Institute Technical Pamphlet, 2 (2005).
[9] A.E. Richardson, J.P. Lynch, P.R. Ryan, E. Delhaize, F.A. Smith, S.E. Smith, P.R. Harvey, M.H. Ryan, E.J. Veneklaas, H. Lambers, Plant and microbial strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of agriculture, Plant and soil, 349(1-2) (2011) 121-156.
[10] S.Z. Sattari, A.F. Bouwman, K.E. Giller, M.K. van Ittersum, Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2012) 201113675.
[11] P.J. Withers, A. Edwards, R. Foy, Phosphorus cycling in UK agriculture and implications for phosphorus loss from soil, Soil use and Management, 17(3) (2001) 139-149.
[12] C. Mainstone, R. Dils, P. Withers, Controlling sediment and phosphorus transfer to receiving waters–a strategic management perspective for England and Wales, Journal of Hydrology, 350(3-4) (2008) 131-143.
[13] J.N. Quinton, J.A. Catt, T.M. Hess, The selective removal of phosphorus from soil, Journal of Environmental Quality, 30(2) (2001) 538-545.
[14] A. Sharpley, The Enrichment of Soil Phosphorus in Runoff Sediments 1, Journal of Environmental Quality, 9(3) (1980) 521-526.
[15] R. McDowell, A. Sharpley, G. Folmar, Modification of phosphorus export from an eastern USA catchment by fluvial sediment and phosphorus inputs, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 99(1-3) (2003) 187-199.
[16] J.D. Sutton, Bagdon, J., Bernard, J., Brady, S., Burgan, B., and Carriker, N., , Water Quality and Agriculture, NRCS and USDA, Working Paper, 16 (1997).
[17] P.M. Haygarth, S.C. Jarvis, Transfer of phosphorus from agricultural soil, in: Advances in agronomy, Elsevier, 1999, pp. 195-249.
[18] R. Schulte, J. Diamond, K. Finkele, N. Holden, A. Brereton, Predicting the soil moisture conditions of Irish grasslands, Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, (2005) 95-110.
[19] S. Warner, G. Kiely, G. Morgan, J. O’Halloran, Does quantifying antecedent flow conditions improve stream phosphorus export estimation?, Journal of hydrology, 378(1-2) (2009) 97-104.
[20] K. Daly, D. Jeffrey, H. Tunney, The effect of soil type on phosphorus sorption capacity and desorption dynamics in Irish grassland soils, Soil use and management, 17(1) (2001) 12-20.
[21] B. Kronvang, A. Laubel, R. Grant, Suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus transport and delivery pathways in an arable catchment, Gelbaek stream, Denmark, Hydrological Processes, 11(6) (1997) 627-642.
[22] J.G. Winter, H.C. Duthie, EXPORT COEFFICIENT MODELING TO ASSESS PHOSPHORUS LOADING IN AN URBAN WATERSHED 1, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(5) (2000) 1053-1061.
[23] A. Schwemm, R. Pasker, M. Clayton, E. Brown, Phosphorus sorption by sediments from wetlands in the Cedar River watershed, American Journal of Undergraduate Research, 5(3) (2004) 21-28.
[24] R.E. Carlson, J. Simpson, A coordinator’s guide to volunteer lake monitoring methods, North American Lake Management Society, 96 (1996) 305.
[25] Standard Analytical Procedures for Water Analysis., government of India and Government of the Netherlands, Technical Assistance Hydrology Project., (1999).
[26] Water and Watershed Research Jahad., flood control studies Gilan province. Soil, land evaluation and classification, Technical assistance and development Gilan Province Disaster Committee. (In Persian). (1999).
[27] F. Shigaki, A. Sharpley, L.I. Prochnow, Rainfall intensity and phosphorus source effects on phosphorus transport in surface runoff from soil trays, Science of the Total Environment, 373(1) (2007) 334-343.
[28] U.E.P. Agency., Methods for Identifying and Evaluating the Nature and Extent of Nonpoint Sources of Pollutant, EPA, 430/9-73/014, U. S. EPA, Washington, D. C., (1973).
[29] P. Jordan, A. Arnscheidt, H. McGrogan, S. McCormick, Characterising phosphorus transfers in rural catchments using a continuous bank-side analyser, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11(1) (2007) 372-381.
[30] P.J. Withers, B. Ulén, C. Stamm, M. Bechmann, Incidental phosphorus losses–are they significant and can they be predicted?, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166(4) (2003) 459-468.
[31] J. Dorioz, E. Cassell, A. Orand, K. Eisenman, Phosphorus storage, transport and export dynamics in the Foron River watershed, Hydrological processes, 12(2) (1998) 285-309.
[32] P. Tarolli, G. Sofia, S. Calligaro, M. Prosdocimi, F. Preti, G. Dalla Fontana, Vineyards in terraced landscapes: new opportunities from lidar data, Land Degradation & Development, 26(1) (2015) 92-102.
[33] A.N. Sharpley, S. Smith, O. Jones, W. Berg, G. Coleman, The transport of bioavailable phosphorus in agricultural runoff, Journal of environmental quality, 21(1) (1992) 30-35.
[34] A. Sharpley, Assessing phosphorus bioavailability in agricultural soils and runoff, Fertilizer Research, 36(3) (1993) 259-272.
[35] E. Newman, Phosphorus inputs to terrestrial ecosystems, Journal of Ecology, (1995) 713-726.
[36] D. Dethier, Weathering rates and the chemical flux from catchments in the Pacific Northwest, USA, Rates of Chemical Weathering of Rocks and Minerals, (1986) 503-530.
[37] D.L. Correll, The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters: a review, Journal of environmental quality, 27(2) (1998) 261-266.
[38] J.P. Grover, Phosphorus‐dependent growth kinetics of 11 species of freshwater algae, Limnology and Oceanography, 34(2) (1989) 341-348.
[39] R.H. Foy, and Withers, P. J. A. The contribution of agricultural phosphorus to eutrophication, Proceedings of the fertilizer Society, Greenhill House, Thorpe Wood, Peterborough, UK., 365 (1998).
[40] C.M. Smith, M. Policy, Towards sustainable agriculture: freshwater quality in New Zealand and the influence of agriculture, Ministry for the Environment, 1993.
[41] J.L. Kovar, G.M. Pierzynski, Methods of phosphorus analysis for soils, sediments, residuals, and waters second edition, Southern cooperative series bulletin, 408 (2009).
[42] T. Anderle, Analysis of Stormwater Runoff, Lake Waters Quality for the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Ms Thsis., (1991).
[43] H. Spliid, et al., . Stormwater Quality Concerns and Modeling., (2000).
[44] J.i. Ide, H. Haga, M. Chiwa, K. Otsuki, Effects of antecedent rain history on particulate phosphorus loss from a small forested watershed of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), Journal of Hydrology, 352(3-4) (2008) 322-335.