[1] M. De Moel, P.M. Bach, A. Bouazza, R.M. Singh, J.O. Sun, Technological advances and applications of geothermal energy pile foundations and their feasibility in Australia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9) (2010) 2683-2696.
[2] Z. Mohamad, F. Fardoun, F. Meftah, A review on energy piles design, evaluation, and optimization, Journal of Cleaner Production, 292 (2021) 125802.
[3] M.R. Akbarzadeh, B. Naeim, A. Asgari, H.E. Estekanchi, Framework for multi-hazard parameterized fragility based uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis of offshore wind turbines, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 201 (2026).
[4] A. Asgari, S.F. Ahmadtabar Sorkhi, Wind turbine performance under multi-hazard loads: wave, wind, and earthquake effects on liquefiable soil, Results in Engineering, 26 (2025).
[5] F. Azizi Zade, F. Azizi Zade, M.M. Ghafurian, A. Arabkoohsar, Solar-ground synergies for sustainable energy: A critical review of ground material performance and applications in solar energy, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 296 (2026) 114021.
[6] Q.I. Alqawasmeh, M.J. Kreitmair, G.A. Narsilio, The role of ground hydrothermal spatial variability on energy pile group thermal performance, Computers and Geotechnics, 179 (2025) 106983.
[7] A.K. Sani, R.M. Singh, T. Amis, I. Cavarretta, A review on the performance of geothermal energy pile foundation, its design process and applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 106 (2019) 54-78.
[8] H. Sadeghi, R.M. Singh, Driven precast concrete geothermal energy piles: Current state of knowledge, Building and Environment, 228 (2023) 109790.
[9] D.Y. Cherati, O. Ghasemi-Fare, Practical approaches for implementation of energy piles in Iran based on the lessons learned from the developed countries experiences, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 140 (2021) 110748.
[10] N. Mehraeen, M.M. Ahmadi, O. Ghasemi-Fare, Numerical modeling of mixed convection near a vertical heat source in saturated granular soils, Geothermics, 106 (2022) 102566.
[11] Q.I. Alqawasmeh, G.A. Narsilio, N. Makasis, M.J. Kreitmair, The impact of soil layering and groundwater flow on energy pile thermal performance, Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 38 (2024) 100538.
[12] Y. Man, H. Yang, N. Diao, J. Liu, Z. Fang, A new model and analytical solutions for borehole and pile ground heat exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(13-14) (2010) 2593-2601.
[13] A.K. Tiwari, P. Basu, Thermal interaction between a group of geothermal piles in the presence of natural convection, Journal of Building Engineering, 82 (2024) 108360.
[14] H. Liu, F. He, C. Wang, A. Bouazza, G. Kong, Z. Sun, Heat transfer performance of energy pile and borehole heat exchanger: A comparative study, Journal of Building Engineering, 97 (2024) 110721.
[15] O. Ghasemi-Fare, P. Basu, Coupling heat and buoyant fluid flow for thermal performance assessment of geothermal piles, Computers and Geotechnics, 116 (2019) 103211.
[16] B. Xu, H. Zhang, Z. Chen, Study on heat transfer performance of geothermal pile-foundation heat exchanger with 3-U pipe configuration, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 147 (2020) 119020.
[17] S. You, X. Cheng, C. Yu, Z. Dang, Effects of groundwater flow on the heat transfer performance of energy piles: Experimental and numerical analysis, Energy and buildings, 155 (2017) 249-259.
[18] G. Zhang, Z. Cao, Y. Liu, J. Chen, Field test and numerical simulation on the long-term thermal response of PHC energy pile in layered foundation, Sensors, 21(11) (2021) 3873.
[19] N. Molina-Giraldo, P. Blum, K. Zhu, P. Bayer, Z. Fang, A moving finite line source model to simulate borehole heat exchangers with groundwater advection, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50(12) (2011) 2506-2513.
[20] D. Wang, L. Lu, W. Zhang, P. Cui, Numerical and analytical analysis of groundwater influence on the pile geothermal heat exchanger with cast-in spiral coils, Applied energy, 160 (2015) 705-714.
[21] E.H.N. Gashti, V.-M. Uotinen, K. Kujala, Numerical modelling of thermal regimes in steel energy pile foundations: A case study, Energy and buildings, 69 (2014) 165-174.
[22] O. Ghasemi-Fare, P. Basu, Predictive assessment of heat exchange performance of geothermal piles, Renewable energy, 86 (2016) 1178-1196.
[23] O. Ghasemi-Fare, P. Basu, Influences of ground saturation and thermal boundary condition on energy harvesting using geothermal piles, Energy and Buildings, 165 (2018) 340-351.
[24] L.-p. Kong, L. Qiao, Y.-y. Xiao, Q.-w. Li, A study on heat transfer characteristics and pile group influence of enhanced heat transfer energy piles, Journal of Building Engineering, 24 (2019) 100768.
[25] W. Lyu, H. Pu, J. Chen, Thermal performance of an energy pile group with a deeply penetrating U-shaped heat exchanger, Energies, 13(21) (2020) 5822.
[26] A.K. Tiwari, P. Basu, Interpretation of TRT data in the presence of natural convection and groundwater flow in saturated ground, Computers and Geotechnics, 140 (2021) 104426.
[27] Y. Guo, C. Wang, A. Bouazza, H. Chang, G. Kong, Thermal performance of a full-scale pre-tensioned high strength concrete (PHC) energy pile, Journal of Energy Storage, 98 (2024) 112840.
[28] M. Fattahian, M.H. Sobhdam, M.M. Ahmadi, Numerical modeling and analysis of the effect of surface groundwater flow and natural convection on the heat exchange of energy pile, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 56(5) (2024) 629-650. (In Persian)
[29] COMSOL Multiphysics® v. 6.1. www.comsol.com. COMSOL AB, Sweden., in.
[30] D.A. Nield, A. Bejan, D.A. Nield, A. Bejan, Heat transfer through a porous medium, Convection in porous media, (2017) 37-55.
[31] M. Malik, S. Bhattacharyya, S.V. Barai, Thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and its constituents at elevated temperatures: A review, Construction and Building Materials, 270 (2021) 121398.
[32] J. Gao, X. Zhang, J. Liu, K.S. Li, J. Yang, Thermal performance and ground temperature of vertical pile-foundation heat exchangers: A case study, Applied Thermal Engineering, 28(17-18) (2008) 2295-2304.