بررسی تحولات نگرش در قوانین و مقررات ایران برای نیل به مدیریت یکپارچه در آب و فاضلاب شهری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف از مقاله حاضر، بررسی تحولات نگرش در قوانین و مقررات ایران از انقلاب مشروطه تاکنون برای نیل به مدیریت یکپارچه در آب و فاضلاب شهری است. بنابر نتایج تحقیق، نقطه آغازین توجه به این موضوع با تصویب قانون مدنی در سال 1307 شکل گرفته و سپس تاکنون، 8 قانون مرتبط در مجلس شورای ملی و 10 قانون در مجلس شورای اسلامی تصویب شده است. در این قوانین دو بخش «منابع آب» و «جمع‌آوری فاضلاب» بیشتر از سایر بخش‌ها مورد توجه قرار گرفته و بخش «تصفیه فاضلاب» نیز کم‌ترین فراوانی را دارا است. هم‌چنین عمده نگرش قوانین این حوزه و راهکارهای ارائه شده در آن از نوع «سیاسی» بوده و تا پیش از انقلاب هیچ قانونی با رویکرد «پیش‌گیرانه و حفاظتی» وجود نداشته و نیز هیچ یک از قوانین، به ارائه راهکار «آموزشی – ترویجی» نپرداخته است؛ اما در قوانین بعد از انقلاب، این رویکرد و راهکار مهم و تاثیرگذار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هم‌چنین نخستین متولیان «توزیع آب» و «تصفیه» آن در کشور بر اساس قوانین، به ترتیب بر عهده «شهرداری» و «وزارت بهداری» بوده و تأسیس «وزارت نیرو» در سال 1353 موجب شده تا عمده مسئولیت‌های مرتبط بر عهده آن قرار گیرد که این امر در سال‌های اول پس از انقلاب نیز ادامه داشته و ساختار جدیدی ایجاد نگردیده است. حدود یک دهه بعد، تشکیل «شرکت مادر تخصصی آب و فاضلاب کشور» در رأس و شرکت‌های استانی در ذیل آن، نقطه عطفی در حوزه مدیریت یکپارچه آب و فاضلاب شهری در کشور ایجاد نمود که تا امروز نیز ماهیت اصلی آن حفظ شده است. بررسی ظرفیت‌های قانون‌گذاری مجلس در این حوزه بیانگر آن است که باید مسائل نوظهور از جمله شرایط کم ‌آبی و خشکسالی و مدیریت عرضه و تقاضا و مصرف برای آینده‌نگاری در تدوین قوانین جدید مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Attitude Changes’ Investigation in Iran’s Parliamentary Laws towards Integrated Management of Urban Water/Wastewater

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Ebrahim Nazlabadi
  • Reza Maknoon
  • Mohammad Reza Alavi Moghaddam
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude changes in the integrated management of urban water/wastewater in Iran’s parliamentary laws since the Constitutional Revolution. During this period, the National Parliament and the Islamic Parliament have ratified eight and ten laws regarding this field, respectively. According to the obtained results, water resources and wastewater collection have been considered more than other sections of the cycle, and the wastewater treatment sector has had the lowest frequency. In this regard, the main attitude of the laws and the presented solutions have been “political”. In addition, before the Islamic Revolution, there were no laws with a “preventive and protective” approach, and none of the laws provided an “educational-promotional” solution. However, after the Islamic Revolution, this essential and practical approach has been considered in some laws. The initial national authorities for water distribution and treatment were the Municipality and the Ministry of Health, respectively; however, the major responsibilities of this sector were left to the Ministry of Energy since its establishment in 1974. In the first years after the Islamic Revolution, the Ministry of Energy was still responsible for this subject, and no new authority had been created. About a decade later, the holding of National Water and Wastewater Company was formed as the head of the authority, and the provincial companies were created as its subsets, which was the milestone of integrated urban water and wastewater management in the country; the original nature of this authority has been preserved so far since its formation. Examining the parliament’s legislative capacity indicates that emerging issues such as water scarcity, drought, supply and demand management, and consumption patterns should be considered in drafting new laws for the future.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Attitude Change
  • Integrated Management
  • Urban Water and Wastewater
  • Laws
  • Iran
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