تأثیر افزودنی‎های معدنی بر نفوذپذیری، تخلخل و مقاومت الکتریکی بتن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه بینالمللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران.

چکیده

ارزیابی دوام بتن معمولاً با اندازه‎ گیری نفوذپذیری، تخلخل و مقاومت الکتریکی آن انجام می‎ شود. از طرفی، یکی از راه‌های افزایش دوام، به کارگیری مواد افزودنی در طرح مخلوط بتن است. از این رو، در این مقاله، به بررسی تأثیر افزودنی‎ های پوزولانی (دوده سیلیسی، خاکستر بادی و زئولیت) و پودر سنگ آهک بر نفوذپذیری، تخلخل و مقاومت الکتریکی نمونه‎ های مکعبی بتنی 28 و 120 روزه با ابعاد 15 سانتی‎ متر پرداخته شده است. برای ساخت بتن‎ ها، این افزودنی‎ ها جایگزین 5، 10، 15 و 20 درصد وزن سیمان شدند. در این مقاله، برای اندازه‎ گیری نفوذپذیری بتن از روش ابداعی "محفظه استوانه‎ ای" استفاده شد. نتایج به دست آمده از آزمایش‎ ها نشان دادند که جز نمونه بتنی 28 روزه که 20 درصد وزن سیمانش با پودر سنگ آهک جایگزین شده بود، سایر نمونه‎ های بتنی از نفوذپذیری و تخلخل کمتر و مقاومت الکتریکی بیشتری نسبت به نمونه بتنی بدون افزودنی برخوردار بودند. به علاوه، تخلخل حجمی در مقایسه با تخلخل سطحی محاسبه شده از تصاویر میکروسکوب الکترونی روبشی، معیار دقیق‎تری برای ارزیابی ریزساختار بتن‎ ها است. نتایج آزمایش XRD نیز بیانگر آن بودند که مواد پوزولانی با مصرف هیدروکسید کلسیم، هیدرات‎ سیلیکات کلسیم بیشتری تولید می‎ کنند که نتیجه آن کاهش نفوذپذیری و تخلخل و افزایش مقاومت الکتریکی نسبت به نمونه بتنی بدون افزودنی است. همچنین، کاهش جزئی در شدت قله‎ های هیدروکسید کلسیم و هیدرات سیلیکات کلسیم برای بتن حاوی پودر سنگ آهک مشاهده شد. این رفتار نشان ‎داد که پودر سنگ آهک عمدتاً با خاصیت پرکنندگی ذراتش سبب کاهش نفوذپذیری و تخلخل و افزایش مقاومت الکتریکی بتن می‎ شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of mineral admixtures on permeability, porosity and electrical resistivity of concrete

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahmood Naderi
  • Alireza Kaboudan
Department of civil engineering, Faculty of engineering, International Imam Khomeini university, Qazvin, Iran
چکیده [English]

Evaluation of concrete durability is commonly performed by measuring its permeability, porosity and electrical resistivity. Moreover, using mineral admixtures in concrete mix design is one of the methods to enhance concrete durability. For this reason, in this paper, the effect of pozzolanic admixtures (silica fume, fly ash and zeolite) and limestone powder on permeability, porosity and electrical resistivity of 28-day and 120-day cubic concrete specimens with 15cm dimension was investigated. For concrete preparation, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of cement mass were replaced by the same amount of these admixtures. In this paper, the innovative method of the “Cylindrical chamber” was used for measuring concrete permeability. The results obtained revealed that except for the 28-day concrete specimen that 20% of its cement mass was replaced with limestone powder; other concrete specimens had lower permeability and porosity and higher electrical resistivity than the concrete specimen without admixtures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) test results also showed that pozzolanic materials produce more calcium silicate hydrates by consuming calcium hydroxide which results in the reduction of permeability and porosity and increase of electrical resistivity, compared with the concrete specimen without admixtures. In addition, a slight reduction in calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate peak intensities was observed for the concrete specimen containing limestone powder. This behavior showed that limestone powder enhances concrete durability, mainly due to filler and dilution effects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Permeability
  • Porosity
  • Electrical resistivity
  • Cylindrical chamber
  • Concrete microstructure
[1] R. Khatri, V. Sirivivatnanon, Methods for the determination of water permeability of concrete, Materials Journal, 94(3) (1997) 257-261.
[2] W. Vichit‐Vadakan, G.W. Scherer, Measuring Permeability of Rigid Materials by a Beam‐Bending Method: III, Cement Paste, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 85(6) (2002) 1537-1544.
[3] Q.T. Phung, N. Maes, G. De Schutter, D. Jacques, G. Ye, Determination of water permeability of cementitious materials using a controlled constant flow method, Construction and Building Materials, 47 (2013) 1488-1496.
[4] A. Amriou, M. Bencheikh, New experimental method for evaluating the water permeability of concrete by a lateral flow procedure on a hollow cylindrical test piece, Construction and Building Materials, 151 (2017) 642-649.
[5] M.B.A. Houaria, M. Abdelkader, C. Marta, K. Abdelhafid, Comparison between the permeability water and gas permeability of the concretes under the effect of temperature, Energy Procedia, 139 (2017) 725-730.
[6] C.M. Tibbetts, J.M. Paris, C.C. Ferraro, K.A. Riding, T.G. Townsend, Relating water permeability to electrical resistivity and chloride penetrability of concrete containing different supplementary cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Composites, 107 (2020) 103491.
[7] H. Yang, C. Lu, W. Liu, G. Mei, H. Wang, X. Ge, Permeability coefficient of high fluidity concrete with relation to permeating duration due to high water pressure, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2185(1) (2019) 020048.
[8] K.J. Shin, W. Bae, S.-W. Choi, M.W. Son, K.M. Lee, Parameters influencing water permeability coefficient of cracked concrete specimens, Construction and Building Materials, 151 (2017) 907-915.
[9] DIN 1048 part 5: Test methods for concrete, Deutsches Institut für Normung, (1991).
[10] BS EN 12390-8: Testing hardened concrete - Depth of penetration of water under pressure, British Standards Institution, (2009).
[11] O.E. Gjørv, Durability design of concrete structures in severe environments, CRC Press, 2014.
[12] A.R. Bagheri, H. Zanganeh, Comparison of rapid tests for evaluation of chloride resistance of concretes with supplementary cementitious materials, Journal of materials in civil engineering, 24(9) (2012) 1175-1182.
[13] S.M.M. Karein, A.A. Ramezanianpour, P. Vosoughi, A. Pilvar, S. Isapour, F. Moodi, Effects of calcined perlite powder as a SCM on the strength and permeability of concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 66 (2014) 222-228.
[14] H. Minagawa, S. Miyamoto, M. Hisada, Relationship of apparent electrical resistivity measured by four-probe method with water content distribution in concrete, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 15(6) (2017) 278-289.
[15] H. Dehghanpour, K. Yilmaz, The relationship between resistances measured by two-probe, Wenner probe and C1760-12 ASTM methods in electrically conductive concretes, SN Applied Sciences, 2(1) (2020) 10.
[16] K. Obla, P.C.L. Lobo, P.R. Hong, S. Sherman, Improving the reliability of resistivity tests of concrete, (2020).
[17] A.A. Torres-Acosta, L.A. Díaz-Cruz, Concrete durability enhancement from nopal (opuntia ficus-indica) additions, Construction and Building Materials, 243 (2020) 118170.
[18] R.B. Polder, Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete — a RILEM TC-154 technical recommendation, Construction and building materials, 15(2-3) (2001) 125-131.
[19] H. Layssi, P. Ghods, A.R. Alizadeh, M. Salehi, Electrical resistivity of concrete, Concrete International, 37(5) (2015) 41-46.
[20] P. Claisse, Letter: Using Electrical Tests as Durability Indicators, Concrete International, 36(10) (2014) 17.
[21] P. Azarsa, R. Gupta, Electrical resistivity of concrete for durability evaluation: a review, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2017 (2017) 1-30.
[22] T.C. Madhavi, S. Annamalai, Electrical conductivity of concrete, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(9) (2016) 5979-5982.
[23] R. Kurda, J. de Brito, J.D. Silvestre, Water absorption and electrical resistivity of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash, Cement and Concrete Composites, 95 (2019) 169-182.
[24] F. Wenner, A method for measuring earth resistivity, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 5(16) (1915) 561-563.
[25] AASHTO T358-15: Standard Test Method for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concretes Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, (2009).
[26] ASTM C642-06, Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, ASTM International, (2006).
[27] M. Naderi, Determination of concrete, stone, mortar, brick and other construction materials permeability with cylindrical chamber method, Registration of Patent in Companies and industrial property Office, Registration Number 67726. Iran (2010).
[28] M. Naderi, A. Kaboudan, Cylindrical Chamber: a new in situ method for measuring permeability of concrete with and without admixtures, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 48(3) (2020) 2225-2241.
[29] M. Naderi, A. Kaboudan, A.A. Sadighi, Comparative study on water permeability of concrete using cylindrical chamber method and British standard and its relation with compressive strength, Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering, 6(1) (2018) 116-131.
[30] M. Naderi, A. Kaboudan, Experimental study of the effect of aggregate type on concrete strength and permeability, Journal of Building Engineering, 37 (2021) 101928.
[31] A. Kaboudan, M. Naderi, M.A. Afshar, The efficiency of Darcy and two-dimensional diffusion flow models to estimate water penetration into concrete, Journal of Building Engineering, 34 (2021) 102012.
[32] M. Naderi, A. Kaboudan, The effect of concrete constituent materials on the penetration of surface water, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 53(8) (2020) 18-18 (in Persian).
[33] M. Naderi, A. Kaboudan, Evaluation of the effect of strength, duration and water pressure and concrete casting direction on concrete permeability, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 52(9)  1-19 (in Persian).
[34] M. Naderi, A. Kaboudan, K. Kargarfard, Studying the compressive strength, permeability and reinforcement corrosion of concrete samples containing silica fume, fly ash and zeolite, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 8(2) (2019) 25-43 (in Persian).
[35] S. Basirat, M. Omrani, B. Behforooz, Effect of microsilica additive on compressive strength and water absorption of lightweight concrete, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 5(4) (2019) 127-139 (in Persian).
[36] A. Tarighat, A.K. Jahromi, The Effect of Taftan natural pumice powder and condensed silica fume on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 53(5) (2021) 23-23 (in Persian).
[37] J. Ahmadi, H. Azizi, M. Koohi, Effect of zeolite on the strength and permeability of conventional concrete with different content of cement, Concrete Research, 8(2) (2016) 5-18 (in Persian).
[38] O. Behnami, R. Farokhzad, Effect of entrapped air on strength and durability of the concrete containing of chemical and natural admixtures, Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 2(1) (2017) 88-109 (in Persian).
[39] M.G. Shahrakia, M. Miria, M. Rakhshanimehr, An Investigation on the effect of metakaolin and zeolite combination as cement replacement on rebar corrosion and durability of self compacting concrete, Journal of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, 46(1) (2016) 49-58 (in Persian).
[40] Y. Zandi, M. Abedi, Comparative evaluation of the effect of water/cement ratio (W/C), type and percentage of fly ash on concrete strength against chloride ion penetration and its porosity, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 53(3) (2021) 17-17 (in Persian).
[41] M.B. Bafti, T.T. Aghda, Investigation and comparison of test methods of evaluation of concrete durability in the Persian Gulf environment, Journal of Marine Engineering, 9(18) (2014) 35-43 (in Persian).
[42] S. Avarideh, S.A. Hosseini, Investigation of concrete permeability with limestone powder against chloride ion, National conference on practical researches in modern horizons of civil engineering and architectural, Busher, Iran,  (2016) 1-10 (in Persian).
[43] S.M. Davoodnabi, M. Safehian, The effect of incorporation of mineral admixture (silica fume, zeolite, slag, limestone powder) on compressie strength and surface electrical resistivity of self-compacting concrete with constant cement paste volume, Third international conference on applied researches in structural engineering and construction management, Tehran, Iran,  (2019) 1-11 (in Persian).
[44] G. Menéndez, V. Bonavetti, E. Irassar, Strength development of ternary blended cement with limestone filler and blast-furnace slag, Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(1) (2003) 61-67.
[45] P. Thongsanitgarn, W. Wongkeo, S. Sinthupinyo, A. Chaipanich, Effect of limestone powders on compressive strength and setting time of Portland-limestone cement pastes, Advanced Materials Research, 343 (2012) 322-326.
[46] M.D. Abràmoff, P.J. Magalhães, S.J. Ram, Image processing with ImageJ, Biophotonics international, 11(7) (2004) 36-42.