Evaluation of various content of zeolite on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete at high temperatures

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Civil Eng. Dep., Engineering Faculty, Imam Khomeini Int. Un., Qazvin, Iran

2 Department of civil engineering, Imam Khomeini International University

Abstract

One of the major environmental contamination factors is cement production and of major damaging factors of reinforced concrete structures is high temperatures. In this study, the effect of substitution of 10 and 20% of cement weight with zeolite on mechanical and durability properties of concrete structures at high temperatures has been investigated. Mechanical properties including compressive and tensile strength of concrete in the hot condition and the durability characteristics of the concrete after cooling, including surface water absorption, the penetration depth of water, electrical resistance and weight loss have been investigated. This study covers temperatures of 28 to 800 °C. The results showed that the replacement of cement with zeolite reduced the compressive strength and tensile strength of 28 and 42 days. This assessment at high temperatures showed that although the replacement a portion of cement with zeolite decreased the compressive strength of normal concrete, the normalized compressive strength improved at most tested temperatures. In addition, it was observed that by substitution 10 and 20% of cement weight with zeolite, the tensile strength of normal concrete at high temperatures increased by 21 and 13 percent averagely. This improvement for normalized tensile strength was 22 and 14%, respectively for mentioned substitution. Although the increase in the test temperature has had adverse effects on the durability of concrete, the replacement of cement with zeolite has improved the durability specification. The best durability properties of concrete were achieved in samples containing higher content of zeolite.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]J.S. Damtoft, J. Lukasik, D. Herfort, D. Sorrentino, E.M.Gartner, Sustainable development and climate change initiatives, Cement and concrete research, 38(2) (2008) .721-511
[2]M. Valipour, M. Yekkalar, M. Shekarchi, S. Panahi, Environmental assessment of green concrete containing natural zeolite on the global warming index in marine environments, Journal of Cleaner Production, 65 (2014) 418-423.
[3]C. Astm, 618-05: Specifications for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International), 100 (2005) 19428-12959.
[4]R. Madandoust, J. Sobhani, P. Ashoori, Concrete made with zeolite and metakaolin: A comparison on the strength and durability properties,  (2013).
[5]C.-S. Poon, S. Azhar, M. Anson, Y.-L. Wong, Comparison of the strength and durability performance of normaland high-strength pozzolanic concretes at elevated temperatures, Cement and concrete research, 31(9) (2001) 1291-1300.
[6]É. Lublóy, K. Kopecskó, G.L. Balázs, Á. Restás, I.M. Szilágyi, Improved fire resistance by using Portland-pozzolana or Portland-fly ash cements, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 129(2) (2017) 925-936.
[7]K.V. Teja, T. Meena, A.N. Reddy, Investigation on Metakaolin and Silicafume Incorporated Concrete under Elevated Temperature, IJCMS, 7 (2018).
[8]M. Morsy, Y. Al-Salloum, H. Abbas, S. Alsayed, Behavior of blended cement mortars containing nano-metakaolin at elevated temperatures, Construction and Building materials, 35 (2012) 900-905.
[9]M. Saridemir, M. Severcan, M. Ciflikli, S. Celikten, F. Ozcan, C. Atis, The influence of elevated temperature on strength and microstructure of high strength concrete containing ground pumice and metakaolin, Construction and Building Materials, 124 (2016) 244-257.
[10]B. Demirel, O. Keleştemur, Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume, Fire Safety Journal, .193-583 )0102( )8-6(54
[11]W.L. Baloch, R.A. Khushnood, S.A. Memon, W. Ahmed, S. Ahmad, Effect of elevated temperatures on mechanical performance of normal and lightweight concretes reinforced with carbon nanotubes, Fire technology, 54(5) (2018) 1331-1367.
[12]Z. Pan, Z. Tao, Y. Cao, R. Wuhrer, T. Murphy, Compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash/
slag binders at high temperature, Cement and Concrete Composites, 86 (2018) 9-18.
[13]M. Valipour, F. Pargar, M. Shekarchi, S. Khani, Comparing a natural pozzolan, zeolite, to metakaolin and silica fume in terms of their effect on the durability characteristics of concrete: A laboratory study, Construction and Building Materials, 41 (2013) 879-888.
[14]T. Markiv, O. Huniak, K. Sobol, Optimization of concrete composition with addition of zeolitic tuff, Вісник Національного університету Львівська політехніка. Теорія і практика будівництва, (781) (2014) 116-120.
[15]K. Samimi, S. Kamali-Bernard, A.A. Maghsoudi, M. Maghsoudi, H. Siad, Influence of pumice and zeolite on compressive strength, transport properties and resistance to chloride penetration of high strength self-compacting concretes, Construction and Building Materials, 151 (2017) 292-311.
[16]M. Najimi, J. Sobhani, B. Ahmadi, M. Shekarchi, An experimental study on durability properties of concrete containing zeolite as a highly reactive natural pozzolan, Construction and Building Materials, 35 (2012) 10231033.
[17]B. Ahmadi, M. Shekarchi, Use of natural zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material, Cement and Concrete Composites, 32(2) (2010) 134-141.
[18]D. Nagrockiene, G. Girskas, Research into the properties of concrete modified with natural zeolite addition, Construction and Building Materials, 113 (2016) 964969.
[19]S.Y. Chan, X. Ji, Comparative study of the initial surface absorption and chloride diffusion of high performance zeolite, silica fume and PFA concretes, Cement and Concrete Composites, 21(4) (1999) 293-300.
[20]A.A. Ramezanianpour, R. Mousavi, M. Kalhori, J. Sobhani, M. Najimi, Micro and macro level properties of natural zeolite contained concretes, Construction and Building Materials, 101 (2015) 347-358.
[21]T. Perraki, G. Kakali, F. Kontoleon, The effect of natural zeolites on the early hydration of Portland cement, Microporous and mesoporous materials, 61(1-3) (2003) .212-502
[22]C. Karakurt, İ.B. Topçu, Effect of blended cements with natural zeolite and industrial by-products on rebar corrosion and high temperature resistance of concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 35 (2012) 906-911.
[23]M. Wilson, M. Carter, W. Hoff, British Standard and RILEM water absorption tests: A critical evaluation, Materials and Structures, 32(8) (1999) 571-578.
[24]W. Kubissa, R. Jaskulski, Measuring and time variability of the sorptivity of concrete, Procedia Engineering, 57 (2013) 634-641.
[25]M. Mahdikhani, O. Bamshad, M.F. Shirvani, Mechanical properties and durability of concrete specimens containing nano silica in sulfuric acid rain condition, Construction and building materials, 167 (2018) 929-935.
[26]M. Jalal, A.R. Pouladkhan, H. Norouzi, G. Choubdar, Chloride penetration, water absorption and electrical resistivity of high performance concrete containing nano silica and silica fume, Journal of American science, 8(4) (2012) 278-284.
[27]S. Kakooei, H.M. Akil, M. Jamshidi, J. Rouhi, The effects of polypropylene fibers on the properties of reinforced concrete structures, Construction and Building Materials, 27(1) (2012) 73-77.
[28]Beglarigale, F. Ghajeru, H. Yigiter, H. Yazici, Permeability characterization of concrete incorporating fly ash, in:  Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014.
[29]C. ASTM, Standard specification for concrete aggregates, Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials,  (2003).
[30]C. Astm, 618-05: Specifications for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International), 100 (2005) 19428-12959.
[31]C. Take, slump tests for every test cylinders in accordance with ANSI, ASTM C143.
[32]Behnood, H. Ziari, Effects of silica fume addition and water to cement ratio on the properties of high-strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures, Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(2) (2008) 106-112.
[33]G. Baker, The effect of exposure to elevated temperatures on the fracture energy of plain concrete, Materials and structures, 29(6) (1996) 383.
[34]C.C. dos Santos, J.P.C. Rodrigues, Calcareous and granite aggregate concretes after fire, Journal of Building Engineering, 8 (2016) 231-242.
[35]F. Vodák, K. Trtık, O. Kapičková, Š. Hošková, P. Demo, The effect of temperature on strength–porosity relationship for concrete, Construction and building materials, 18(7) (2004) 529-534.
[36]K. S. Rao, S. R. K. A. L. Narayana, Comparison of Performance of Standard Concrete And Fibre Reinforced Standard Concrete Exposed To Elevated Temperatures, Am. J. Eng. Res, 3 (2013) 20-26.
[37]B. Standard, Testing hardened concrete, Compressive Strength of Test Specimens, BS EN,  (2009) 12390-12393.
[38]F.A. Sabet, N.A. Libre, M. Shekarchi, Mechanical and durability properties of self consolidating high performance concrete incorporating natural zeolite, silica fume and fly ash, Construction and Building Materials, 44 (2013) 175-184.
[39]H. Eskandari, M. Vaghefi, K. Kowsari, Investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete influenced by hybrid nano silica and micro zeolite, Procedia Materials Science, 11 (2015) 594-599.
[40]J. Xiao, Q. Xie, W. Xie, Study on high-performance concrete at high temperatures in China (2004–2016)-An updated overview, Fire safety journal, 95 (2018) 11-24.
[41]C. Castillo, Effect of transient high temperature on highstrength concrete, 1987.
[42]G.-F. Peng, Z.-S. Huang, Change in microstructure of hardened cement paste subjected to elevated temperatures, Construction and Building Materials, 22(4) (2008) 593599.
[43]F. Fingerloos, Buchbesprechung: fib Bulletin 38: Fire design of concrete structures–materials, structures and modelling, Beton‐und Stahlbetonbau, 102(9) (2007) 662.266
[44]Rashad, Y. Bai, P. Basheer, N. Collier, N. Milestone, Chemical and mechanical stability of sodium sulfate activated slag after exposure to elevated temperature, Cement and Concrete Research, 42(2) (2012) 333-343.
[45]E.C.f. Standardization, Design of concrete structures—Part 1-2: General rules—Structural fire design, EN 1992 Eurocode 2,  (2004).
[46]ANSI, AISC 360-10, Chicago, IL,  (2010).
[47]C. ASTM, 496/C 496M–04. 2004, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International.
[48]B. EN, 1-1. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures–Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, European Committee for Standardization (CEN),  (2004).
[49]T. Markiv, K. Sobol, M. Franus, W. Franus, Mechanical and durability properties of concretes incorporating natural zeolite, Archives of civil and mechanical engineering, 16 (2016) 554-562.
[50]P.C. Silva, R.M. Ferreira, H. Figueiras, Electrical resistivity as a means of quality control of concrete–influence of test procedure, in:  International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, Portugal, 2011, pp. .51-21.