Microstructural Evaluation of Stabilization and Solidification of Heavy Metals by Cement at the Presence of Nano Montmorillonite

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Prof, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University; Adjunct Prof., School of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

Abstract

Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) is an attractive technology which helps to reduce the toxicity and facilitate the disposal of sediments containing heavy metals, industrial wastes, and contaminated soils. The efficiency of the S/S technology can be enhanced by the use of clay nanoparticles. The S/S process incorporating montmorillonite nanoparticles can be employed to prevent the dissemination of heavy metals effectively. Although many studies have addressed the stabilization of contaminant by the use of cement, the microstructural interactions between montmorillonite nanoparticles, heavy-metal contaminants, and cement in different time intervals have been discussed rarely. In addition, there are not enough researches on the impact of montmorillonite nanoparticles in the efficiency of the solidification process. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the interactions between montmorillonite nanoparticles, heavy metals, and cement in different time intervals from the microstructural point of view and to determine the impact of clay nanoparticles on toxicity leaching from solidified/stabilized contaminants. To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, different concentrations of heavy metal (zinc) and different percentages of Portland cement were added to nano-montmorillonite. The contaminant retention mechanism was then experimentally analyzed through monitoring the changes in pH, evaluating microstructural changes (using X-Ray Diffraction), and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) measurement. The results indicated the role of clay nanoparticles in retaining the heavy-metal contaminant and the lack of linear relationship between the quantity of cement content of the specimen and the contaminant retention efficiency

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]    K.G. Bhattacharyya, S.S. Gupta, Adsorption of a few heavy metals on natural and modified kaolinite and montmorillonite: a review, Advances in colloid and interface science, 140(2) (2008) 114-131.
[2]    V.R, Ouhadi, M. Amiri, Geo-environmental behaviour of nanoclays in interaction with heavy metals contaminant, Amirkabir J, Civil, 42(3) (2011) 29-36. (In Persian)
[3]    G.E. Fryxell, G. Cao, Environmental applications of nanomaterials: synthesis, sorbents and sensors, World Scientific, 2012
[4]    V.R, Ouhadi, M. Amiri, A. Goodarzi, The special potential of nano-clays for heavy metal contaminant retention in geo-environmental projects, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal, 45(6) (2012) 631-6
[5]    L. Heasman, H. van der Sloot, P. Quevauviller, Harmonization of leaching/extraction tests, Elsevier, 1997.
[6]    S.-J. Liu, J.-Y. Jiang, S. Wang, Y.-P. Guo, H. Ding, Assessment of water-soluble thiourea-formaldehyde (WTF) resin for stabilization/solidification (S/S) of heavy metal contaminated soils, Journal of hazardous materials, 346 (2018) 167-173.
[7]    J.R. Conner, ChemicalFixation and Solidificationof Hazardous Wastes, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 692(1990) (1990) 335.
[8]    L. Wang, D.C. Tsang, C.-S. Poon, Green remediation and recycling of contaminated sediment by waste-incorporated stabilization/solidification, Chemosphere, 122 (2015) 257-264.
[9]    Q. Chen, M. Tyrer, C.D. Hills, X. Yang, P. Carey, Immobilisation of heavy metal in cement-based solidification/stabilisation: a review, Waste management, 29(1) (2009) 390-403.
[10] H. Taylor, Nanostructure of C-S-H: Current status, Advanced cement based materials, 1(1) (1993) 38-46.
[11] C. Tashiro, H. Takahashi, M. Kanaya, I. Hirakida, R. Yoshida, Hardening property of cement mortar adding heavy metal compound and solubility of heavy metal from hardened mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, 7(3) (1977) 283-290.
[12] P. Desogus, P.P. Manca, G. Orru, A. Zucca, Solidification/ stabilization of landfill leachate concentrate using different aggregate materials, Minerals Engineering, 45 (2013) 47-54.
[13] P. Gong, P. Bishop, Evaluation of organics leaching from solidified/stabilized hazardous wastes using a powder reactivated carbon additive, Environmental technology, 24(4) (2003) 445-455.
[14] D. Viehland, J.F. Li, L.J. Yuan, Z. Xu, Mesostructure of calcium silicate hydrate (C‐S‐H) gels in portland cement paste: short‐range ordering, nanocrystallinity, and local compositional order, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 79(7) (1996) 1731-1744.
[15] D. Kong, S. Huang, D. Corr, Y. Yang, S.P. Shah, Whether do nano-particles act as nucleation sites for C-S-H gel growth during cement hydration, Cement and Concrete Composites, 87 (2018) 98-109.
[16] M. Zhang, C. Yang, M. Zhao, L. Yu, K. Yang, X. Zhu, X. Jiang, Immobilization of Cr (VI) by hydrated Portland cement pastes with and without calcium sulfate, Journal of hazardous materials, 342 (2018) 242-251.
[17] B. Van der Bruggen, L. Lejon, C. Vandecasteele, Reuse, Treatment, and Discharge of the Concentrate of Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes, Environmental Science & Technology, 37(17) (2003) 3733-3738.
[18] D. Bonen, S.L. Sarkar, The effects of simulated environmental attack on immobilization of heavy metals doped in cement-based materials, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 40(3) (1995) 321-335.
[19] R. Malviya, R. Chaudhary, Factors affecting hazardous waste solidification/stabilization: A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(1) (2006) 267-276.
[20] C.F. Pereira, Y. Luna, X. Querol, D. Antenucci, J. Vale,  Waste stabilization/solidification of an electric arc furnace dust using fly ash-based geopolymers, Fuel, 88(7) (2009) 1185-1193.
[21] Z. Giergiczny, A. Król, Immobilization of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn) in the mineral additions containing concrete composites, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160(2-3) (2008) 247-255.
[22] R.A. Shawabkeh, Solidification and stabilization of cadmium ions in sand–cement–clay mixture, Journal of hazardous materials, 125(1-3) (2005) 237-243.
[23] F. Wang, H. Wang, A. Al-Tabbaa, Time-dependent performance of soil mix technology stabilized/ solidified contaminated site soils, Journal of hazardous materials, 286 (2015) 503-508.
[24] ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, P.A., Philadelphia 2014.
[25] U.E.P. Agency, Process design manual for land application of municipal sludge, EPA 625/1‐83‐016,  (1983).
[26] P.R. Hesse, A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis, William Clowes and Sons, 1971.
[27] I. Eltantawy, P. Arnold, Reappraisal of ethylene glycol mono‐ethyl ether (EGME) method for surface area estimations of clays, Journal of Soil Science, 24(2) (1973) 232-238.
[28] W.H. Hendershot, M. Duquette, A simple barium chloride method for determining cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(3) (1986) 605-608.
[29] V.R, Ouhadi, R. Yong, Experimental and theoretical evaluation of impact of clay microstructure on the quantitative mineral evaluation by XRD analysis, Applied Clay Science, 23(1-4) (2003) 141-148.
[30] C. Hills, C. Sollars, R. Perry, Ordinary Portland cement based solidification of toxic wastes: the role of OPC reviewed, Cement and Concrete Research, 23(1) (1993) 196-212.
[31] S. Goto, D.M. Roy, Diffusion of ions through hardened cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, 11(5-6) (1981) 751-757.
[32] S.-Y. Hong, F.P. Glasser, Alkali sorption by C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels: Part II. Role of alumina, Cement and Concrete Research, 32(7) (2002) 1101-1111.
[33] R. Malviya, R. Chaudhary, Study of the treatment effectiveness of a solidification/stabilization process for waste bearing heavy metals, Journal of material cycles and waste management, 6(2) (2004) 147-152.