Investigation of laboratory and Field methods of measuring energy caused by traffic noise pollution

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir university of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The traffic noise pollution measurement has always been considered by urban transportation system managers. Sound and noise definitions, evaluation of their differences, production and propagation factors of traffic noise pollution, various laboratory and field sound energy measurement methods, noise maps, and investigation of the methods of sound energy reduction are the most important topics studied in this research. Tire-pavement interaction noise (TPIN) is known as the most important source of traffic noise pollution at speeds above 40 km/h for passenger cars and 70 km/h for trucks. Using the appropriate air void content in asphalt surfaces has reduced the noise pollution caused by TPIN up to 10 dB. Porous asphalt with more than 20% air void content has shown good performance in reducing traffic noise pollution. The severity of traffic noise pollution has been measured using laboratory and field methods. Laboratory methods can be performed in a laboratory environment and under controlled conditions. Laboratory test results are more accurate and this method has been widely used in TPIN measurements. Field methods measure the tire-pavement interaction noise (TPIN) more realistically despite ambient noise pollution.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] V. Nedic, D. Despotovic, S. Cvetanovic, M. Despotovic, S. Babic, Comparison of classical statistical methods and artificial neural network in traffic noise prediction, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 49 (2014) 24-30.
[2] H. Wang, Y. Ding, G. Liao, C. Ai, Modeling and optimization of acoustic absorption for porous asphalt concrete, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 142(4) (2016) 04016002.
[3] R. Kleizienė, O. Šernas, A. Vaitkus, R. Simanavičienė, Asphalt pavement acoustic performance model, Sustainability, 11(10) (2019) 2938.
[4] P.R. Donavan, B. Rymer, Assessment of highway pavements for tire/road noise generation, SAE transactions,  (2003) 1829-1838.
[5] M. Harrison, Vehicle refinement: controlling noise and vibration in road vehicles, Elsevier, (2004).
[6] D. Wang, P. Liu, Z. Leng, C. Leng, G. Lu, M. Buch, M. Oeser, Suitability of PoroElastic Road Surface (PERS) for urban roads in cold regions: Mechanical and functional performance assessment, Journal of cleaner production, 165 (2017) 1340-1350.
[7] S. Han, Y. Dong, H. Chen, D. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Shi, Noise Reduction Performance of Exposed Aggregate Cement concrete Pavement, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 5(2) (2005) 32.
[8] S. Ullrich, Drum Measurements Of Tyre Noise As A Function Of Roadway Temperature And Circumferential Forces, In:  Inter-Noise 93: People Versus Noise, 1993.
[9] I.O.f. Standardization, Acoustics: Measurement of the Influence of Road Surfaces on Traffic Noise. Part 1: Statistical Pass-By Method. Partie 1: Méthode Statistique Au Passage, International Organization for Standardization, 1997.
[10] V. Khan, K.P. Biligiri, Evolution of tyre/road noise research in India: Investigations using statistical pass-by method and noise trailer, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 11(3) (2018) 253-264.
[11] G. de León, L.G. Del Pizzo, L. Teti, A. Moro, F. Bianco, L. Fredianelli, G. Licitra, Evaluation of tyre/road noise and texture interaction on rubberised and conventional pavements using CPX and profiling measurements, Road Materials and Pavement Design, 21(sup1) (2020) S91-S102.
[12] R.M. Knabben, G. Triches, E.F. Vergara, S.N. Gerges, W. van Keulen, Characterization of tire-road noise from Brazilian roads using the CPX trailer method, Applied Acoustics, 151 (2019) 206-214.
[13] S. Ling, F. Yu, D. Sun, G. Sun, L. Xu, A comprehensive review of tire-pavement noise: Generation mechanism, measurement methods, and quiet asphalt pavement, Journal of Cleaner Production, 287 (2021) 125056.
[14] T. Li, A state-of-the-art review of measurement techniques on tire–pavement interaction noise, Measurement, 128 (2018) 325-351.
[15] S. Paje, M. Bueno, F. Terán, U. Viñuela, J. Luong, Assessment of asphalt concrete acoustic performance in urban streets, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(3) (2008) 1439-1445.
[16] P. Mikhailenko, Z. Piao, M.R. Kakar, M. Bueno, S. Athari, R. Pieren, K. Heutschi, L. Poulikakos, Low-Noise pavement technologies and evaluation techniques: a literature review, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(6) (2022) 1911-1934.
[17] R. Bernhard, R.L. Wayson, J. Haddock, N. Neithalath, A. El-Aassar, J. Olek, T. Pellinen, W.J. Weiss, An introduction to tire/pavement noise of asphalt pavement, Institute of Safe, Quiet and Durable Highways, Purdue University,  (2005) 26.
[18] A. Terminology, American national standard, ANSI S1,  (2006) 1-1994.
[19] A.C. Sparavigna, The science of al-Biruni, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.7288,  (2013).
[20] G. Elert, The Nature of Sound, in:The Physics Hypertextbook. physics info Retrieved. (2016) 06-20.
[21] B. Jakovljevic, K. Paunovic, G. Belojevic, Road-traffic noise and factors influencing noise annoyance in an urban population, Environment international, 35(3) (2009) 552-556.
[22] T.H. Oiamo, G.M. Aasvang, Noise and Health, International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), Elsevier, (2020) 409-413.
[23] C. Hurtley, Night noise guidelines for Europe, WHO Regional Office Europe, (2009).
[24] A. Vaitkus, V. Vorobjovas, A. Jagniatinskis, T. Andriejauskas, B. Fiks, Peculiarity of low noise pavement design under Lithuanian conditions, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 9(3) (2014) 155-163.
[25] E. Zofka, A. Zofka, T. Mechowski, Pavement noise measurements in Poland, in:  IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, (2017), pp. 012103.
[26] T. Li, Literature review of tire-pavement interaction noise and reduction approaches, Journal of Vibroengineering, 20(6) (2018) 2424-2452.
[27] A. Vaitkus, T. Andriejauskas, V. Vorobjovas, A. Jagniatinskis, B. Fiks, E. Zofka, Asphalt wearing course optimization for road traffic noise reduction, Construction and Building Materials, 152 (2017) 345-356.
[28] U. Sandberg, J. Ejsmont, Tyre/road noise. Reference book,  (2002).
[29] M.R. Ganji, A. Golroo, H. Sheikhzadeh, A. Ghelmani, M.A. Bidgoli, Dense-graded asphalt pavement macrotexture measurement using tire/road noise monitoring, Automation in Construction, 106 (2019) 102887.
[30] R.O. Rasmussen, R.J. Bernhard, U. Sandberg, E. Mun, The little book of quieter pavements, United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Pavement Technology, 2007.
[31] P.R. Donavan, Comparative measurements of tire/pavement noise in Europe and the United States, Noise News International, 13(2) (2005) 46-53.
[32] T. Bennert, D. Hanson, A. Maher, N. Vitillo, Influence of pavement surface type on tire/pavement generated noise, ASTM International, 2005.
[33] A. Syamkumar, K. Aditya, V. Chowdary, Development of mode-wise noise prediction models for the noise generated due to tyre-pavement surface interaction, Advanced Materials Research, 723 (2013) 50-57.
[34] T. Fujikawa, H. Koike, Y. Oshino, H. Tachibana, Definition of road roughness parameters for tire vibration noise control, Applied acoustics, 66(5) (2005) 501-512.
[35] J. Winroth, W. Kropp, C. Hoever, T. Beckenbauer, M. Männel, Investigating generation mechanisms of tyre/road noise by speed exponent analysis, Applied Acoustics, 115 (2017) 101-108.
[36] T. Dare, R. McDaniel, A. Shah, Modeling Tire-Pavement Noise Using MnROAD Data, (2015).
[37] Z. Zhang, B. Luan, X. Liu, M. Zhang, Effects of surface texture on tire-pavement noise and skid resistance in long freeway tunnels: From field investigation to technical practice, Applied Acoustics, 160 (2020) 107120.
[38] P.W.R. Association, Report of the committee on surface characteristics, in:  Proceeding of XVIII World Road Congress, (1987), pp. 13-19.
[39] R. Pelloli, Road surface characteristics and hydroplaning, Transportation Research Record, 624 (1977) 27-32.
[40] T. Li, Influencing parameters on tire–pavement interaction noise: Review, experiments, and design considerations. Designs, 2(4) (2018): 38.
[41] B.M. Luccioni, M. Luege, Concrete pavement slab under blast loads, International journal of impact engineering, 32(8) (2006) 1248-1266.
[42] U. Sandberg, Road surface influence on tire/road noise-Part I Descornet, G., Sandberg, U: Road surface influence on tire/road noise-Part II VTI preprint, 56 (1980).
[43] M. Sakhaeifar, A. Banihashemrad, G. Liao, B. Waller, Tyre–pavement interaction noise levels related to pavement surface characteristics, Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(5) (2018) 1044-1056.
[44] F. Anfosso-Lédée, M.-T. Do, Geometric descriptors of road surface texture in relation to tire-road noise, Transportation research record, 1806(1) (2002) 160-167.
[45] K. Gee, Surface texture for asphalt and concrete pavements, FHWA Technical Advisory TA, 5040 (2005).
[46] P.R. Donavan, Effect of porous pavement on wayside traffic noise levels, Transportation Research Record, 2403(1) (2014) 28-36.
[47] R.S. McDaniel, K.J. Kowalski, A. Shah, J. Olek, R.J. Bernhard, Long term performance of a porous friction course,  (2010).
[48] H. Bendtsen, Q. Lu, E. Kohler, Acoustic aging of asphalt pavements: A Californian/Danish comparison,  (2010).
[49] M. Gustafsson, C.M. Berglund, B. Forsberg, I. Forsberg, S. Forward, S. Grudemo, U. Hammerström, M. Hjort, T. Jacobson, C. Johansson, Effects of winter tyres: state of the art, VTI Rapport, (543) (2006).
[50] J.S. Yang, T.F. Fwa, G.P. Ong, C.H. Chew, Finite-element analysis of effect of wide-base tire on tire-pavement noise, Advanced Materials Research, 723 (2013) 105-112.
[51] U. Sandberg, J. Ejsmont, Influence of tyre tread rubber hardness on tyre/road noise emission, Inter-Noise, Istanbul, Turkey,  (2007).
[52] D. Rochoux, F. Biesse, Tire/road noise, the tire vibration as the main noise source from road texture, in:  INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, Institute of Noise Control Engineering, 2010, pp. 7199-7208.
[53] J. Walker, Noise from the Tyre-Road Interface with Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Transport Engineer, (68) (1975).
[54] W. Flanagan, Recent studies give unified picture of tire noise, Automotive Engineering, 80(4) (1972).
[55] R.K. Hillquist, P.C. Carpenter, A basic study of automobile tire noise, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54(1_Supplement) (1973) 331-331.
[56] W.A. Leasure Jr, E.K. Bender, Tire–road interaction noise, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 58(1) (1975) 39-50.
[57] M. Bueno, J. Luong, U. Viñuela, F. Terán, S. Paje, Pavement temperature influence on close proximity tire/road noise, Applied Acoustics, 72(11) (2011) 829-835.
[58] U. Sandberg, Semi-generic temperature corrections for tyre/road noise, in:  INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, Institute of Noise Control Engineering, 2004, pp. 3302-3309.
[59] S. Konishi, T. Fujino, N. Tomita, M. Sakamoto, Temperature effect on tire/road noise, JSAE Review, 1(16) (1995) 113.
[60] G. Liao, M. Heitzman, R. West, S. Wang, C. Ai, Temperature effects on the correlations between tire-pavement noises and pavement surface characteristics, in:  New Frontiers in Road and Airport Engineering, 2015, pp. 219-232.
[61] R. McDaniel, A. Shah, T. Dare, R. Bernhard, Hot mix asphalt surface characteristics related to ride, texture, friction, noise and durability, Institute for Safe, Quiet, and Durable Highways North Central Superpave Center Purdue University, 7 (2014).
[62] T. Li, J. Feng, R. Burdisso, C. Sandu, Effects of speed on tire–pavement interaction noise (Tread-pattern–related noise and non–tread-pattern–related noise), Tire Science and Technology, 46(2) (2018) 54-77.
[63] T. Dare, R. Bernhard, Accelerometer measurements of tire tread vibrations and implications to wheel-slap noise, Tire Science and Technology, 41(2) (2013) 109-126.
[64] J. Ejsmont, S. Taryma, Halas Opon Samochodow Osobowych Poruszajacych Sie Posuchych Nawierzchniach asfaltowych I Betonowych, Technical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland,  (1982).
[65] G. Tong, Q. Wang, K. Yang, X.C. Wang, An experiment investigation to the radial tire noise, Advanced Materials Research, 694 (2013) 361-365.
[66] U. Sandberg, J.A. Ejsmont, Three basic methods for measurement of tire/road noise, in, Statens Väg-och Trafikinstitut., VTI särtryck 99, 1984.
[67] S. Kocak, M.E. Kutay, Relationship between material characteristics of asphalt mixtures and highway noise, Transportation research record, 2295(1) (2012) 35-43.
[68] G. Tong, Q. Wang, K. Yang, L. Wang, Simulation on the radial tire wear noise, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 488 (2014) 1121-1124.
[69] K. Glaeser, Road surface characteristics and type road noise, Federal Highway Research Institute BAST,  (2007).
[70] R.J. Bernhard, R.S. McDaniel, Basics of noise generation for pavement engineers, Transportation research record, 1941(1) (2005) 161-166.
[71] D. Wang, A. Schacht, Z. Leng, C. Leng, J. Kollmann, M. Oeser, Effects of material composition on mechanical and acoustic performance of poroelastic road surface (PERS), Construction and Building Materials, 135 (2017) 352-360.
[72] C. Leng, G. Lu, J. Gao, P. Liu, X. Xie, D. Wang, Sustainable green pavement using bio-based polyurethane binder in tunnel, Materials, 12(12) (2019) 1990.
[73] S. Alber, W. Ressel, P. Liu, D. Wang, M. Oeser, Influence of soiling phenomena on air-void microstructure and acoustic performance of porous asphalt pavement, Construction and Building Materials, 158 (2018) 938-948.
[74] L. Chu, T. Fwa, K. Tan, Evaluation of wearing course mix designs on sound absorption improvement of porous asphalt pavement, Construction and Building Materials, 141 (2017) 402-409.
[75] R.M. Knabben, G. Trichês, S.N. Gerges, E.F. Vergara, Evaluation of sound absorption capacity of asphalt mixtures, Applied Acoustics, 114 (2016) 266-274.
[76] M. Möser, Technische Akustik, Springer, 2005.
[77] M. Wolkesson, Evaluation of impedance tube methods-A two microphone in-situ method for road surfaces and the three microphone transfer function method for porous materials,  (2012).
[78] M. Haider, M. Conter, Austrian experience with the backing board method for statistical pass-by measurements, in:  Proc. of acoustics, 2008.
[79] D.M. Gonzalez, J.M.B. Morillas, G.R. Gozalo, Acoustic behaviour of plates made of different materials for measurements with the microphone flush mounted, Applied Acoustics, 132 (2018) 135-141.
[80] G.H. Wang, R. Shores, J. Botts, R. Hibbett, On-board sound intensity tire-pavement noise study in North Carolina, North Carolina. Dept. of Transportation. Research and Analysis Group, 2011.
[81] C. Vuye, A. Bergiers, B. Vanhooreweder, The acoustical durability of thin noise reducing asphalt layers, Coatings, 6(2) (2016) 21.
[82] M. Bueno, J. Luong, F. Terán, U. Viñuela, S. Paje, Macrotexture influence on vibrational mechanisms of the tyre–road noise of an asphalt rubber pavement, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 15(7) (2014) 606-613.
[83] T. AASHTO, 76-12. Standard method of test for measurement of tire/pavement noise using the on-board sound intensity (OBSI) method, USA: American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials,  (2010).
[84] R. Rasmussen, R. Sohaney, P. Wiegand, Measuring and reporting tire-pavement noise using on-board sound intensity (OBSI), National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. (2011).
[85] T. Park, M. Kim, C. Jang, T. Choung, K.-A. Sim, D. Seo, S.I. Chang, The public health impact of road-traffic noise in a highly-populated city, Republic of Korea: Annoyance and sleep disturbance, Sustainability, 10(8) (2018) 2947.
[86] R. Kim, Burden of disease from environmental noise, in:  WHO International Workshop on Combined Environmental Exposure: Noise, Air Pollutants and Chemicals. Ispra, 2007.
[87] F.G. Praticò, F. Anfosso-Lédée, Trends and issues in mitigating traffic noise through quiet pavements, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53 (2012) 203-212.
[88] D.E. Mogrovejo, G.W. Flintsch, E.D. de León Izeppi, K.K. McGhee, R.A. Burdisso, Short-Term effect of pavement surface aging on tire–pavement noise measured with Onboard sound Intensity Methodology, Transportation Research Record, 2403(1) (2014) 17-27.
[89] E. Saemann, G. Dimitri, P. Kindt, Tire requirements for pavement surface characteristics, in:  7th symposium on pavement surface characteristics: SURF, 2012, pp. 1-33.
[90] M. Haider, M. Conter, R. Wehr, U. Sandberg, F. Anfosso-Lédée, Project ROSANNE: rolling resistance, skid resistance, and noise emission measurement standards for road surfaces, in:  Internoise 2014, 2014, pp. 6p.
[91] M. Liu, X. Huang, G. Xue, Effects of double layer porous asphalt pavement of urban streets on noise reduction, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1) (2016) 183-196.
[92] B. Yu, L. Jiao, F. Ni, J. Yang, Long-term field performance of porous asphalt pavement in China, Road Materials and Pavement Design, 16(1) (2015) 214-226.
[93] M.-L. Zeng, L.-Q. Peng, C.-F. Wu, B.-Y. Tan, Experimental study of the performance of ultrathin asphalt friction course, Wuhan Ligong Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Wuhan University of Technology), 34(4) (2012) 27-31.
[94] J.T. Guo, R. Zhang, R. Wang, Experimental research on sound absorption performance of low-noise pavement, Advanced Materials Research, 374 (2012) 1400-1404.
[95] M. Li, W. van Keulen, H. Ceylan, G. Tang, M. van de Ven, A. Molenaar, Influence of road surface characteristics on tire–road noise for thin-layer surfacings, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 141(11) (2015) 04015024.
[96] S. Luo, Q. Lu, Z. Qian, Performance evaluation of epoxy modified open-graded porous asphalt concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 76 (2015) 97-102.
[97] J. Ejsmont, L. Goubert, G. Ronowski, B. Świeczko-Żurek, Ultra low noise poroelastic road surfaces. Coatings 6 (2): 18, in, (2016).
[98] S. Meiarashi, Porous elastic road surface as an ultimate highway noise measure, in:  The XXIInd PIARC World Road CongressWorld Road Association (PIARC), (2003).
[99] U. Sandberg, L. Goubert, Persuade: a European project for exceptional noise reduction by means of poroelastic road surfaces, in:  40th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2011 (INTER-NOISE 2011), Institute of Noise Control Engineering of Japan (INCE/J), Acoustical Society …, 2011, pp. 673-684.
[100] K.P. Biligiri, B. Kalman, A. Samuelsson, Understanding the fundamental material properties of low-noise poroelastic road surfaces, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 14(1) (2013) 12-23.
[101] B. Świeczko‐Żurek, J. Ejsmont, G. Motrycz, P. Stryjek, Risks related to car fire on innovative Poroelastic Road Surfaces—PERS, Fire and Materials, 39(2) (2015) 95-108.
[102] V.F. Vázquez, F. Terán, J. Luong, S.E. Paje, Functional performance of stone mastic asphalt pavements in Spain: Acoustic assessment, Coatings, 9(2) (2019) 123.
[103] G. Greer, Stone Mastic Asphalt–A review of its noise reducing and early life skid resistance properties, in:  Proceedings of ACOUSTICS, 2006, pp. 319-323.
[104] J. Chandler, S. Phillips, P. Roe, H. Viner, Quieter concrete roads: construction, texture, skid resistance and noise, TRL REPORT TRL 576,  (2003).
[105] V. Vázquez, F. Terán, P. Huertas, S. Paje, Field assessment of a Cold-In place-recycled pavement: Influence on rolling noise, Journal of Cleaner Production, 197 (2018) 154-162.
[106] W. Gardziejczyk, A. Plewa, R. Pakholak, Effect of addition of rubber granulate and type of modified binder on the viscoelastic properties of stone mastic asphalt reducing tire/road noise (SMA LA), Materials, 13(16) (2020) 3446.
[107] G. Licitra, A. Moro, L. Teti, L. Del Pizzo, F. Bianco, Modelling of acoustic ageing of rubberized pavements, Applied Acoustics, 146 (2019) 237-245.
[108] F. Kehagia, S. Mavridou, Noise reduction in pavement made of rubberized bituminous top layer, Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014 (2014).
[109] M.J. Brennan*, A.M. Kavanagh, J.N. Sheahan, Case studies of a low-noise road surface, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2(2) (2001) 121-134.
[110] M. Gao, Study on Noise Reduction Characteristics of Continuous Gradation Rubber Particles Asphalt Pavement, Doctoral dissertation, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.
[111] V. Najafi Moghaddam Gilani, M. Habibzadeh, S.M. Hosseinian, R. Salehfard, A review of railway track laboratory tests with various scales for better decision-making about more efficient apparatus using TOPSIS analysis, Advances in Civil Engineering, 2022 (2022).
[112] H. Ziari, A. Amini, A. Saadatjoo, S.M. Hosseini, V.N.M. Gilani, A prioritization model for the immunization of accident prone using multi-criteria decision methods and fuzzy hierarchy algorithm, Computational Research Progress in Applied Science & Engineering (CRPASE), 3(3) (2017).