A strategy in developing standards for the liner of municipal solid waste landfills in Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Environmental research center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Padena Zista Fan consulting engineers,, Tehran, Iran

3 Iran University of Science and Technology

Abstract

The difference in climatic conditions across the country and low investment capacity in waste management systems makes it unrealistic to establish the same prescribed design for the bottom liner of municipal solid waste landfills. In this paper, a semi-performance-based approach for the proper design of liners in these landfills has been proposed. This approach has been used in the development of technical evaluation guidelines and environmental criteria for municipal and hazardous waste landfills. Therefore, different climatic and hydrogeological conditions were considered. The rate of leachate infiltration into the leachate collection system in different climates corresponding to high, medium and low precipitation was calculated using the HELP model and considered as a representative parameter of climatic conditions. The rate of waste deposition, which indicates the size of the landfill, was introduced as the length of the landfill along the groundwater direction. Groundwater velocity, hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the aquitard were used as hydrogeological parameters. The resulting scenarios (324 scenarios) were defined in POLLUTE v7 and the chloride migration in five liner options were modeled. The results show that as the landfill is larger and the hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard is higher, the maximum contaminant concentration in the aquifer and the required time period to reach the maximum concentration will increase and decrease, respectively, by reducing the different layers of the liner system and decreasing groundwater velocity. Finally, the optimum liner for all climatic and hydrogeological conditions is proposed based on modeling results.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] S. Kaza, L. Yao, P. Bhada-Tata, F. Van Woerden, What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, The World Bank, Washington, DC., (2018).
[2] L.M.S. Pandey, S.K. Shukla, An insight into waste management in Australia with a focus on landfill technology and liner leak detection, Cleaner Production, 225 (2019) 1147-1154.
[3] G. Sauve, K. Van Acker, The environmental impacts of municipal solid waste landfills in Europe: A life cycle assessment of proper reference cases to support decision making, Environmental Management, 261 (2020) 110216.
[4] N. Touze-Foltz, H. Xie, G. Stoltz, Performance issues of barrier systems for landfills: A review, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 49(2) (2021) 475-488.
[5] U.S. EPA, Solid waste disposal facility criteria, technical manual, EPA530-R-93-017, Solid waste and emergency response, (1993). 
[6] B. Çelik, S. Girgin, A. Yazıcı, K. Ünlü, A decision support system for assessing landfill performance, Waste Management, 30(1) (2010) 72-81.
[7] J. Zhang, J.M. Zhang, B. Xing, G.D. Liu, Y. Liang, Study on the effect of municipal solid landfills on groundwater by combining the models of variable leakage rate, leachate concentration, and contaminant solute transport, Environmental Management, 292 (2021) 112815.
[8] M. Poch, J. Comas, I. Rodríguez-Roda, M. Sànchez-Marrè, U. Cortés, Designing and building real environmental decision support systems, Environmental Modelling & Software, 19(9) (2004) 857-873.
[9] M.S. Bani, Z.A. Rashid, K.H.K. Hamid, M.E. Harbawi, A.B. Alias, M.J. Aris, The development of decision support system for waste management; a review, Word Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 3 (2009) 54-64.
[10] A. Verge, R.K. Rowe, A framework for a decision support system for municipal solid waste, Waste Management & Research, 31(12) (2013) 1217–1227.
[11] A.T. Ahmed, A.E. Alluqmani, M. Shafiquzzaman, Impacts of landfill leachate on groundwater quality in desert climate regions, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16 (2019) 6753–6762.
[12] H. Mishra, S. Karmakar, R. Kumar, P. Kadambala, A long-term comparative assessment of human health risk to leachate-contaminated groundwater from heavy metal with different liner systems, Environmental Science Pollution Research, 25 (2018) 2911–2923.
[13] Y.J. Du, S.L. Shen, S.Y. Liu, S. Hayashi, Contaminant mitigating performance of Chinese standard municipal solid waste landfill liner system, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 27(3) (2009) 232-23.
[14] M.A. Abdoli, H. Ghiasinejad, A strategy in development of regulations related to the minimum requirements for solid waste landfill liners in the country, Journal of Environmental Studies, 40 (2007) 9-18. (In Persian)
[15] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), Minimum requirements for waste disposal by landfill, Third edition, Republic of South Africa, (2005).
[16] EPA Victoria, Siting, design, operation and rehabilitation of landfills, 200 Victoria Street, Carlton, (2014).
[17] B. Celik, R.K. Rowe, K. Unlü, Effect of vadose zone on the steady-state leakage rates from landfill barrier systems, Waste management, 29(1) (2009) 103-109.
[18] B. Tarhan, K. Ünlü, Performance-based landfill design: development of a design component selection matrix using GIS and system simulation models, Environmental Geology, 49(1) (2005) 133-147.
[19] H.J. Xie, Y.M. Chen, L.T. Zhan, R.P. Chen, R.H. Chen, X.W. Tang, H. Ke, Investigation of migration of pollutant at the base of Suzhou Qizishan landfill without a liner system, Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A, 10 (2009) 439–449.
[20] D. Yousefi Kebria, M. Ghavami, S. Javadi, M. Goharimanesh, Combining an experimental study and ANFIS modeling to predict landfill leachate transport in underlying soil—a case study in north of Iran, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190 (2018) 10-17.
[21] R.K. Rowe, C.J. Caers, G. Reynolds, C. Chan, Design and construction of the barrier system for the Halton Landfill, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37(3) (2000) 662-675.
[22] R.K. Rowe, J.R. Booker, POLLUTE version 7 reference guide, GAEA Technologies, Canada, (2004).
[23] K. Badv, Evaluation of Optimum Landfill Design by Contaminant Transport Analysis, Advanced Materials in Engineering, 24(1) (2005) 135-153. (In Persian)
[24] L.N. Reddi, H.I. Inyang, Geoenvironmental engineering: principles and applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel, (2000).
[25] T. Harter, Basic concepts of groundwater hydrology, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, (2003).
[26] S. Shu, W. Zhu, H. Xu, S. Wang, X. Fan, S. Wu, J. Shi, J. Song, Effect of the leachate head on the key pollutant indicator in a municipal solid waste landfill barrier system, Environmental Management, 239 (2019) 262-270.
[27] M. Gholikhany, K. Badv, Effect of leachate and freeze-thaw cycles on the hydraulic conductivity of clayey barriers, Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering, 53(12) (2022) 22-22.
[28] M.Q. Peng, H.X. Feng, H.X. Chen, Z.L. Chen, H.J. Xie, Analytical model for organic contaminant transport through GMB/CCL composite liner with finite thickness considering adsorption, diffusion and thermodiffusion, Waste management, 120(9) (2021) 448-458.
[29] Department of Environment (DOE), “Guidelines for technical assessment and environmental criteria for general and special waste landfills”, Solid waste office, (2021). (In Persian).