Analyzing the Use of Molasses as an Alternate and Optimal Culture Medium in MICP Process of Sandy Soils

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Civil Engineering Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

3 Department Of Civil Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering, Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad

Abstract

The use of different soil improvement methods has always been accompanied by an assessment of the effect on strength parameters, costs, and environmental impacts. Since the new and eco-friendly methods are associated with a high initial cost, optimizing these methods to commercialize them is the priority of research projects. The use of biological methods for soil improvement, despite its high environmental compatibility, has not been welcomed from the economic point of view in most parts of the world and is still being considered as an academic and not an executive method. Soil improvement, using calcium carbonate sedimentation is one of the most environmentally friendly biological methods. One of the most influential bacterial suspension parameters for calcium carbonate treatment is its culture medium, usually Nutrient Broth or Yeast extract. One of the ways to reduce the cost of biodiversity in the soil is an alternative culture medium. In this research, the use of sugar beet molasses, which is a waste of sugar and sugar factories, has been investigated as a suitable culture medium for biological improvement along with other culture media. It can reduce the cost of producing a suitable culture medium by up to 500 times. The success of soil regeneration after bacterial cultivation has been also evaluated in the present research.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] V. Ivanov, J. Chu, Applications of microorganisms to geotechnical engineering for bioclogging and biocementation of soil in situ, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 7(2) (2008) 139-153.
[2] S. Stocks-Fischer, J.K. Galinat, S.S. Bang, Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31(11) (1999) 1563-1571.
[3] H.L. Ehrlich, Microbes and metals, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 48(6) (1997) 687-692.
[4] L. Cheng, M.A. Shahin, D. Mujah, Influence of key environmental conditions on microbially induced cementation for soil stabilization, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 143(04016083-1-04016083-11) (2016).
[5] G. Xu, Y. Tang, J. Lian, Y. Yan, D. Fu, Mineralization Process of Biocemented Sand and Impact of Bacteria and Calcium Ions Concentrations on Crystal Morphology, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2017 (2017).
[6] K. Todar, Nutrition and growth of bacteria,  (2013).
[7] J.M. Martinko, M.T. Madigan, Brock biology of microorganisms, International Microbiology, 8(2) (2005).
[8] H. Rong, C.X. Qian, L.Z. Li, Influence of molding process on mechanical properties of sandstone cemented by microbe cement, Construction and Building Materials, 28(1) (2012) 238-243.
[9] L. Cheng, R. Cord-Ruwisch, In situ soil cementation with ureolytic bacteria by surface percolation, Ecological Engineering, 42 (2012) 64-72.
[10] M.B. Burbank, T.J. Weaver, T.L. Green, B.C. Williams, R.L. Crawford, Precipitation of calcite by indigenous microorganisms to strengthen liquefiable soils, Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(4) (2011) 301-312.
[11] L.A. van Paassen, R. Ghose, T.J. van der Linden, W.R. van der Star, M.C. van Loosdrecht, Quantifying biomediated ground improvement by ureolysis: large-scale biogrout experiment, Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, 136(12) (2010) 1721-1728.
[12] Q. Zhao, L. Li, C. Li, M. Li, F. Amini, H. Zhang, Factors affecting improvement of engineering properties of MICP-treated soil catalyzed by bacteria and urease, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(12) (2014) 04014094.
[13] K. Feng, B.M. Montoya, Influence of confinement and cementation level on the behavior of microbial-induced calcite precipitated sands under monotonic drained loading, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 142(1) (2015) 04015057.
[14] V.S. Whiffin, Microbial CaCO3 precipitation for the production of biocement Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University,  (2004).
[15] M.Y. Jung, B.S. Park, J. Lee, M.K. Oh, Engineered Enterobacter aerogenes for efficient utilization of sugarcane molasses in 2, 3-butanediol production, Bioresource technology, 139 (2013) 21-27.
[16] R. Boopathy, J. Manning, C.F. Kulpa, A laboratory study of the bioremediation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene-contaminated soil using aerobic/anoxic soil slurry reactor, Water environment research, 70(1) (1998) 80-86.
[17] Y. Fujita, J.L. Taylor, T.L. Gresham, M.E. Delwiche, F.S. Colwell, T.L. McLing, R.W. Smith, Stimulation of microbial urea hydrolysis in groundwater to enhance calcite precipitation, Environmental science & technology, 42(8) (2008) 3025-3032.
[18] A.B. Cunningham, R.R. Sharp, R. Hiebert, G. James, Subsurface biofilm barriers for the containment and remediation of contaminated groundwater, Bioremediation Journal, 7(3-4) (2003) 151-164.
[19] L. Cheng, M.A. Shahin, R. Cord-Ruwisch, Surface percolation for soil improvement by biocementation utilizing In Situ enriched Indigenous aerobic and anaerobic ureolytic soil microorganisms, Geomicrobiology journal, 34(6) (2017) 546-556.
[20] D. Gat, Z. Ronen, M. Tsesarsky, Long-term sustainability of microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation in aqueous media, Chemosphere, 184(524-531) (2017).
[21] S.L. Williams, M.J. Kirisits, R.D. Ferron, Optimization of growth medium for Sporosarcina pasteurii in bio-based cement pastes to mitigate delay in hydration kinetics, Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology, 43(4) (2016) 567-575.
[22] S.A. Nasehi, A. Uromeihy, M.R. Nikudel, A. Morsali, Influence of gas oil contamination on geotechnical properties of fine and coarse-grained soils, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 34(1) (2016) 333-345.
[23] H. Ghasemzadeh, M. Tabaiyan, The effect of diesel fuel pollution on the efficiency of soil stabilization method, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 35(1) (2017) 475-484.
[24] M. Al-Aghbari, R. Dutta, Y. Mohamedzeini, Effect of diesel and gasoline on the properties of sands—a comparative study, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 5(1) (2011) 61-68.
[25] ASTM-D422-63, e2 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (Withdrawn 2016),  (2007).
[26] J. Stevens, Unified soil classification system. Civil Engineering, ASCE, 52(12) (1982) 61-62.
[27] S. Bibi, M. Oualha, M.Y. Ashfaq, M.T. Suleiman, N. Zouari, Isolation, differentiation and biodiversity of ureolytic bacteria of Qatari soil and their potential in microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for soil stabilization, RSC Advances, 8(11) (2018) 5854-5863.
[28] H.A. Keykha, A. Asadi, M. Zareian, Environmental factors affecting the compressive strength of microbiologically induced calcite precipitation-treated soil, Geomicrobiology Journal, 34(10) (2017) 889-894.
[29] L. Cheng, M.A. Shahin, Stabilisation of oil-contaminated soils using microbially induced calcite crystals by bacterial flocs, Géotechnique Letters,  (2017) 1-6.
[30] ASTM-D2166, American Society for Testing and Materials D2166 (1999) Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soils. Annual Books of ASTM Standards.,  (1999).
[31] ASTM-D5084, 16a Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter.
[32] M.G. Gomez, C.M. Graddy, J.T. DeJong, D.C. Nelson, M. Tsesarsky, Stimulation of Native Microorganisms for Biocementation in Samples Recovered from Field-Scale Treatment Depths, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 144(1) (2017) 04017098.
[33] D.J. Tobler, M.O. Cuthbert, V.R. Phoenix, Transport of Sporosarcina pasteurii in sandstone and its significance for subsurface engineering technologies, Applied geochemistry, 42 (2014) 38-44.
[34] T.J. Weaver, M. Burbank, A. Lewis, R. Lewis, R. Crawford, B. Williams, Bio-induced calcite, iron, and manganese precipitation for geotechnical engineering applications, Advances in Geotechnical Engineering (2011) 3975-3983.
[35] M.P. Harkes, L.A. Van Paassen, J.L. Booster, V.S. Whiffin, M.C. van Loosdrecht, Fixation and distribution of bacterial activity in sand to induce carbonate precipitation for ground reinforcement, Ecological Engineering, 36(2) (2010) 112-117.
[36] L. Cheng, R. Cord-Ruwisch, M.A. Shahin, Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 50(1) (2013) 81-90.
[37] J. Chu, V. Ivanov, V. Stabnikov, B. Li, Microbial method for construction of an aquaculture pond in sand,  (2013).
[38] N. Jiang, K. Soga, The applicability of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for internal erosion control in gravel–sand mixtures,  (2016).
[39] J. Chu, V. Stabnikov, V. Ivanov, Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation on surface or in the bulk of soil, Geomicrobiology Journal, 29(6) (2012) 544-549.
[40] S.G. Choi, J. Chu, R.C. Brown, K. Wang, Z. Wen, Sustainable Biocement Production via Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation: Use of Limestone and Acetic Acid Derived from Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(6) (2017) 5183-5190.
[41] E. Salifu, E. MacLachlan, K.R. Iyer, C.W. Knapp, A. Tarantino, Application of microbially induced calcite precipitation in erosion mitigation and stabilisation of sandy soil foreshore slopes: a preliminary investigation, Engineering Geology, 201 (2016) 96-105.
[42] M. Mirmohammad sadeghi, A.R. Modarresnia, F. Shafiei, Parameters effects evaluation of microbial strengthening of sandy soils in mixing experiments using taguchi methodology, Geomicrobiology Journal, 32(5) (2015) 453-465.
[43] F. Kalantary, M. Kahani, Optimization of the biological soil improvement procedure, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-10 (2018).
[44] L. Dobereiner, M.D. Freitas, Geotechnical properties of weak sandstones, Geotechnique, 36(1) (1986) 79-94.
[45] C.G. Dyke, L. Dobereiner, Evaluating the strength and deformability of sandstones,  (1991).
[46] J.S. Kahn, The analysis and distribution of the properties of packing in sand-size sediments: 1. On the measurement of packing in sandstones, The journal of Geology, 64(4) (1956) 385-395.
[47] F.J. Pettijohn, P.E. Potter, R. Siever, Sand and Sandstone Springer, New York, NY, 1972.
[48] A. Cheshomi, S. Mansouri, M.A. Amoozegar, Improving the Shear Strength of Quartz Sand using the Microbial Method, Geomicrobiology Journal,  (2018) 1-8.
[49] M. Azadi, M. Ghayoomi, N. Shamskia, H. Kalantari, Physical and mechanical properties of reconstructed bio-cemented sand, Soils and Foundations, 57(5) (2017) 698-706.
[50] C.W. Chou, E.A. Seagren, A.H. Aydilek, M. Lai, Biocalcification of sand through ureolysis, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(12) (2011) 1179-1189.
[51] H. Canakci, W. Sidik, I.H. Kilic, Effect of bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation on compressibility and shear strength of organic soil, Soils and Foundations, 55(5) (2015) 1211-1221.
[52] M.R. Coop, J.H. Atkinson, The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands, Geotechnique, 43(1) (1993) 53-67.
[53] L.M.M. Costa, G.M. Olyveira, R. Salomão, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Nano-Microparticles: Applications in Drug Delivery, Adv Tissue Eng Regen Med Open Access, 3(2) (2017) 00059.
[54] L.N. Plummer, E. Busenberg, The solubilities of calcite, aragonite and vaterite in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90 C, and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO3-CO2-H2O, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 46(6) (1982) 1011-1040.
[55] H. Lu, H. Lutz, S.J. Roeters, M.A. Hood, A. Schäfer, R. Muñoz-Espí, R. Berger, M. Bonn, T. Weidner, Calcium-Induced Molecular Rearrangement of Peptide Folds Enables Biomineralization of Vaterite Calcium Carbonate, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140(8) (2018) 2793-2796.
[56] N. Nassif, N. Gehrke, N. Pinna, N. Shirshova, K. Tauer, M. Antonietti, H. Cölfen, Synthesis of stable aragonite superstructures by a biomimetic crystallization pathway, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(37) (2005) 6004-6009.
[57] S. Al-Thawadi, R. Cord-Ruwisch, Calcium carbonate crystals formation by ureolytic bacteria isolated from Australian soil and sludge, Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research, 2(1) (2012) 12-26.
[58] W. Sun, S. Jayaraman, W. Chen, K.A. Persson, G. Ceder, Nucleation of metastable aragonite CaCO3 in seawater, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  (2015) 201423898.
[59] M. Zeng, Y.Y. Kim, C. Anduix-Canto, C. Frontera, D. Laundy, N. Kapur, H.K. Christenson, F.C. Meldrum, Confinement generates single-crystal aragonite rods at room temperature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(30) (2018) 7670-7675.
[60] Y. Xu, N.A. Sommerdijk, Aragonite formation in confinements: A step toward understanding polymorph control, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(34) (2018) 8469-8471.
[61] A. Richter, D. Petzold, H. Hofmann, B. Ullrich, Production, properties and application of calcium carbonate powders. 3. Investigations to the transition of vaterite and aragonite in aqueous systems, Chemische Technik, 48(5) (1996) 271-275.
[62] G.T. Zhou, Y.F. Zheng, Chemical synthesis of CaCO3 minerals at low temperatures and implication for mechanism of polymorphic transition, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen,  (2001) 323-343.