Analytical Comparison of Attitude Change to Integrated Management of Urban Water/Wastewater in the Development Plans of Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Ph.D student of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran

2 Associated professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran

3 Proffesor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is an analytical comparison of attitude change to integrated management of urban water/wastewater in the development plans of Iran before and after the Islamic Revolution. The results indicate that there are four periods of changes in attitude towards this issue in Iran. The first period was initiated to launch planning thinking. In the second period, which lasted till before the Islamic Revolution, the planning system in Iran, after gaining experience, has undergone a dramatic change and some issues such as national coverage of the wastewater collection system, reliable water supply and minimum price of water, were mentioned in the development plans for the first time. In the end years of this period, planning in Iran was matured and all aspects of integrated management except water treatment had been considered. The third period came simultaneously with the revision of the constitution of Iran after the revolution. In this period, supported by macro policies after the mid-2000s, a period of excellence in the approach of integrated management of urban water and wastewater was created. Also, a macro roadmap in the planning system of Iran was developed. The fourth period of attitude changes began with the beginning of the second step of the revolution and will last until 2065. In this period, the "Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress", as an upstream framework of the macro policies and development plans, have a significant role in establishing an integrated urban water and wastewater management approach in future development plans.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] A. Torkan, M. Shafiei, Content review of water related materials in the 5th development plan bill using upstream documents, Vice President of Economic Research, Strategic Research Center, 2010 (in Persian).
[2] F. Ghanbari, Integrated urban water management, Water and Sustainable Development, 2(1) (2015) 106-107 (in Persian).
[3] R. Philip, B. Anton, P.v.d. Steen, Integrated urban water management in the city of future strategic, Module 6, 2011.
[4] A. Bahri, Integrated urban water management, Global Water Partnership, Technical Committee (TEC), 2012.
[5] S.V. Iacob, The wastewater – A problem of integrated urban water management, Procedia Economics and Finance, 6 (2013) 436-443.
[6] A. Abdolghafoorian, M. Tajrishy, A. Abrishamchi, Urban water management considering reclaimed wastewater and runoff as a new water resource for city of Tehran, Iran, Journal of Water & Wastewater, 23(4) (2011) 29-42 (in Persian).
[7] M.E. Mulvihill, J.A. Dracup, Optimal timing and sizing of a conjunctive urban water supply and waste water system with nonlinear programing, Water Resources Research, 10(2) (1974) 170-175.
[8] M. Schwartz, L.W. Mays, Models for water reuse and wastewater planning, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 109(5) (1983) 1128-1147.
[9] J.M.P. Vieira, L. Lijklema, Development and application of a model for regional water quality management, Water Research, 23(6) (1989) 767-777.
[10] S. Mohammadnejad, M. Tajrishy, Technical and economic evaluation of Tehran's wastwater treatment effluent for landscape irrigation, in:  Proceedings of the 2nd International Civil Engineering Conference, Sharif University of Technology, Iran, 1997 (in Persian).
[11] S. Nasseri, A. Mesdaghinia, Feasibility of reclamation and reuse of effluent from metal and non metal industry in Tehran, Hakim, 5(3) (1992) 195-200 (in Persian).
[12] A. Torabian, M. Motallebi, Management plan for wastewater reuse (case study: Ekbatan district), Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(32) (2003) 57-62 (in Persian).
[13] M. FaghihNasiri, A. Shafiei, A. Tashkini, B. Oryani, S.-o.-a. Hossini, Development planning: principles, concepts and comparative studies of selected countries vs Iran, Institute for Trade Studies and Research, 2008 (in Persian).
[14] H. Varmazyar, E. Jahangard, A comparative study of the planning systems of Iran during the pre and post-islamic revolution development plans, Islamic Parliament Research Center, 2012 (in Persian).
[15] A. Barmaki, The pathology of development plans in post islamic revolution, Vice President of Strategic Planning and Supervision, 2014 (in Persian).
[16] R. Maknoon, J. Salimi, M. Bahrami, A meta-analysis of Iranian development plan's pathologies, Journal of Economic Strategy, 10(3) (2014) 137-167.
[17] M.B. Nobakht, S.G. Nataj, Z. Mir-Ahsani, Functions of development model, Rahbord Journal, 20(61) (2011) 213-231.
[18] N. Abdol-Manafi, M. Mazaheri, Water sector performance in the 1st and 2nd years of the 5th development plan, Islamic Parliament Research Center, 2013 (in Persian).
[19] M. Mazaheri, N. Abdol-Manafi, Water status in the 6th development plan, Islamic Parliament Research Center, 2015 (in Persian).
[20] L. Taghavi, A review of the programs and policies in water resources development and presenting a model for assessing sustainability, Journal of Sustainability, Development and Environment, 2(4) (2016) 25-39 (in Persian).
[21] Primary report of the 3rd development plan of Iran, Plan Organization, 1957 (in Persian).
[22] T.H. McLeod, National planning in Iran: A report based on the experiences of the Harvard advisory group in Iran, Saskatchewan, 1964.
[23] A. Ghanbari, H. Sadeghi, Economic changes in Iran The Organization for Researching and Composing University Textbooks in the Humanities (SAMT), 2019 (in Persian).
[24] Quantitative objectives of socio-economic development of Iran in period of 1983-2003, Plan and Budegt Organization, 1982.
[25] Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979 (in Persian).
[26] B. Hadi-Zonoz, A study of the economic planning system in Iran (Pre-Islamic revolution period), Islamic Parliament Research Center, 2010 (in Persian).
[27] Review of the 2nd seven year plan program of Iran, Plan Organization, Managing Director's Office, 1980.
[28] Progress and performance evaluation of 2nd seven year development plan of Iran, Plan Organization, 1960 (in Persian).
[29] Planning background in Iran, Planning and Budget Organization, 1995 (in Persian).
[30] Progress and performance evaluation of the 3rd seven year development plan of Iran, Plan Organization, 1967 (in Persian).
[31] Summary of the 4th development plan of Iran - Part I general economics, Plan Organization, 1967 (in Persian).
[32] Plan and budget law of Iran, in: I.P.o. Iran (Ed.), Islamic Parliament Research Center, 1973 (in Persian).
[33] Summary of the 5th national development plan of Iran, Plan and Budget Organization, 1973.
[34] A summary of Iran's 5th national development plan (Revised), in, Plan and Budget Organization, 1975.
[35] Guidelines and general outlines of the 6th development plan of Iran, Plan and Budegt Organization, 1977.
[36] F. Tovfigh, Planning in Iran and its future prospects, 2 ed., The Institute for Management and Planning Studies (IMPS), 2015 (in Persian).
[37] The 1st five-year economic, social and cultural development plan of Iran, 1990 (in Persian).
[38] Macro policies of the 2nd five year plan, The Expediency Discernment Council, 1993 (in Persian).
[39] The 2nd five-year economic, social and cultural development plan of Iran, 1994 (in Persian).
[40] Macro policies of the 3rd five year plan, The Expediency Discernment Council, 1999 (in Persian).
[41] Macro policies of the water resources, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2001 (in Persian).
[42] Perspective of Islamic Republic of Iran on the horizon of 1404 AH, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2003 (in Persian).
[43] Macro policies of the 4th five year plan, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2003 (in Persian).
[44] Macro policies of the reforming consumption patterns, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2010 (in Persian).
[45] Macro policies of the urbanism, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2011 (in Persian).
[46] The 5th five-year economic, social and cultural development plan of Iran, 2011 (in Persian).
[47] Macro policies of the 5th five year plan, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2009 (in Persian).
[48] Supervision regulation for good implementation of macro policies, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2014 (in Persian).
[49] Macro policies of the population, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2014 (in Persian).
[50] Macro policies of the environment, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2015 (in Persian).
[51] Macro Policies of the 6th five year plan, The Expediency Discernment Council, 2015 (in Persian).
[52] The 6th five-year economic, social and cultural development plan of Iran, 2017 (in Persian).