Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Runoff Sediments (Case Study: Tehran City)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of special importance because of their toxicity, stability, lipophilicity, bioaccumulation, carcinogenesis and mutagenic impacts on living organisms and human. Urban runoff contains significant amounts of PAH compounds, which result in transfer them to receiving environments and have significant environmental and health risks. Because of the hydrophobicity characteristic, transport of these compounds in aquatic environment, mainly coupled to suspended particles and sediments. Hence, evaluation of sediments is considered as one of the environments that affect the fate and transport of these compounds. Present study was performed to evaluating the concentrations and sources of PAH compounds in sediments of Tehran urban runoff network. The sediment samples were taken from the three main sub catchments of Tehran city in April 2017 and the concentration of 16 priority PAH compounds and organic carbon was measured and finally their probable emission sources were determined using five indexes of diagnostic ratios. The total PAHs concentration in three sub-catchments ranged from 57 to 978.2 ng / g dry weight. Also, distribution of concentrations in sub- catchment 2(57-976.6 ng/g) was higher than the sub[1]catchment 1(84.4-773.2 ng/g) and Sub-catchment 3(76.3–978.2 ng/g) due to the locating in center of the city and the diversity of pollutant sources. Moreover, the survey of the relationship between total organic carbon and PAHs showed a significant and strong correlation between these two variables, but its coefficient varied in each sub-catchments. At all stations except the station C1S27, 3 and 4 rings compounds in comparison with the other compounds had significant dominance. Four indexes showed the origin of compounds at all stations are pyrogenic and The LMW/HMW index showed that the source of contamination in 30% of the stations is petrogenic. Generally, the results showed that the portion of pyrogenic sources is significantly higher due to high population density, traffic and human activities.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]R. Mohanraj, S. Dhanakumar, G. Solaraj, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to PM 2.5 in urban Coimbatore, India with emphasis on source apportionment, The Scientific World Journal, (2012)
[2] O.S. Sojinu, O.O. Sonibare, E.Y. Zeng, Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of a mangrove forest affected by forest fire, Toxicological & Environ Chemistry, 93(3) (2011) 450-461.
[3] O.O. Olayinka, A.A. Adewusi, O.O. Olarenwaju, A. Aladesida, Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Estimated Human Health Risk of Water Samples Around Atlas Cove, Lagos, Nigeria, Journal of Health and Pollution, 8(20) (2018) 191-201.
[4] D.H. Phillips, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 443(1) (1999) 139-147.
[5] H.I. Abdel-Shafy, M.S. Mansour, A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25(1) (2016) 107-123.
[6] R. Boonyatumanond, M. Murakami, G. Wattayakorn, A. Togo, H. Takada, Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand, Science of the Total Environment, 384(1-3) (2007) 420-432.
[7] S. Liu, X. Xia, L. Yang, M. Shen, R. Liu, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of different land uses in Beijing, China: distribution, sources and their correlation with the city's urbanization history, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177(1-3) (2010) 1085-1092.
[8] R. Pitt, R. Field, M. Lalor, M. Brown, Urban stormwater toxic pollutants: assessment, sources, and treatability, Water Environment Research, 67(3) (1995) 260-275.
[9] J.P. Heaney, L. Wright, D. Sample, Research needs in urban wet weather flows, Water environment research, 71(2) (1999) 241-250.
[10] E. Eriksson, A. Baun, L. Scholes, A. Ledin, S. Ahlman, M. Revitt, C. Noutsopoulos, P.S. Mikkelsen, Selected stormwater priority pollutants—a European perspective, Science of the total environment, 383(1-3) (2007) 41-51.
[11] E. Eriksson, A. Baun, P.S. Mikkelsen, A. Ledin, Chemical hazard identification and assessment tool for evaluation of stormwater priority pollutants, Water Science and Technology, 51(2) (2005) 47-55.
[12] A.D. Steinman, E.S. Isely, K. Thompson, Stormwater runoff to an impaired lake: impacts and solutions, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 187(9) (2015) 549.
[13] D. Broman, A. Colmsjö, B. Ganning, C. Näf, Y. Zebühr, C. Östman, ‘Fingerprinting’petroleum hydrocarbons in bottom sediment, plankton, and sediment trap collected seston, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18(7) (1987) 380-388.
[14] M. Gromaire-Mertz, S. Garnaud, A. Gonzalez, G. Chebbo, Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris, Water Science and Technology, 39(2) (1999) 1-8.
[15] E. Manoli, C. Samara, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in natural waters: sources, occurrence and analysis, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 18(6) (1999) 417-428.
[16] T. Meyer, Y.D. Lei, F. Wania, Transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides during snowmelt within an urban watershed, Water research, 45(3) (2011) .6511-7411
[17] J.R. Bathi, R.E. Pitt, S.E. Clark, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stream sediments, Advances in Civil Engineering, 2012 (2012).
[18] A. Torres, J.-L. Bertrand-Krajewski, Evaluation of uncertainties in settling velocities of particles in urban stormwater runoff, Water Science and Technology, 57(9) (2008) 1389-1396.
[19] K. Zhang, B.-Z. Zhang, S.-M. Li, E.Y. Zeng, Regional dynamics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Pearl River Delta, China: Implications and perspectives, Environmental pollution, 159(10) (2011) 2301-2309.
[20] G. Kiss, Z. Varga-Puchony, A. Gelencser, Z. Krivacsy, A. Molnar, J. Hlavay, Survey of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Balaton by HPLC with fluorescence detection, Chromatographia, 48(1-2) (1998) 149-153.
[21] H.-S. Wang, Z. Cheng, P. Liang, D.-D. Shao, Y. Kang, S.-C. Wu, C.K. Wong, M.H. Wong, Characterization of PAHs in surface sediments of aquaculture farms around the Pearl River Delta, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 73(5) (2010) 900-906.
[22] J.L. Zhou, T.W. Fileman, S. Evans, P. Donkin, C. Llewellyn, J.W. Readman, R.F.C. Mantoura, S.J. Rowland, Fluoranthene and pyrene in the suspended particulate matter and surface sediments of the Humber Estuary, UK, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(8) (1998) 587-597.
[23] H. Li, J. Chen, W. Wu, X. Piao, Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different size fractions of soil from a coke oven plant and its relationship to organic carbon content, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1-3) (2010) 729-734.
[24] M. Grynkiewicz, Ż. Polkowska, J. Namieśnik, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk precipitation and runoff waters in an urban region (Poland), Atmospheric Environment, 36(2) (2002) 361369.
[25] Y. Zheng, X. Luo, W. Zhang, B. Wu, F. Han, Z. Lin, X. Wang, Enrichment behavior and transport mechanism of soil-bound PAHs during rainfall-runoff events, Environmental pollution, 171 (2012) 85-92.
[26] F. Nakajima, K. Saito, Y. Isozaki, H. Furumai, A.M. Christensen, A. Baun, A. Ledin, P.S. Mikkelsen, Transfer of hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff particles to benthic organisms estimated by an in vitro bioaccessibility test, Water science and technology, 54(6-7) (2006) 323-330.
[27] C.J. DiBlasi, H. Li, A.P. Davis, U. Ghosh, Removal and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in an urban stormwater bioretention facility, Environmental science & technology, 43(2) (2008) 494-502.
[28] C. Sakulthaew, S. Comfort, C. Chokejaroenrat, C. Harris, X. Li, A combined chemical and biological approach to transforming and mineralizing PAHs in runoff water, Chemosphere, 117 (2014) 1-9.
[29] J.N. Brown, B.M. Peake, Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff, Science of the total environment, 359(1-3) (2006) 145-155.
[30] M. Sicre, J. Marty, A. Saliot, X. Aparicio, J. Grimalt, J. Albaiges, Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean Sea: occurrence and origin, Atmospheric Environment (1967), 21(10) (1987) 2247-2259.
[31] M. Mahmudi, S. Hashemi, A. Salemi, A Multi-Metric Index for Hydrocarbons Source Apportionment, Pollution, 5(2) (2019) 419-427.
[32] M. Ghahroudi tali, K.b. Derafshi, Investigation of turbulence in the pattern of flood risk in Tehran city, JOURNAL OF Spatial analysis environmental hazarts, 2 (2015) 1-16.
[33] Manual of oceanographic observations and pollutant analysis methods (MOOPAM), ROPME. Kuwait, 1(1999) 20.in persian
[34] A. Shahbazi, N. Bahramifar, E. Smolders, Elevated concentrations of pesticides and PCBs in soils at the Southern Caspian Sea (Iran) are related to land use, Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal,21(2)(2012)160-175.
[35] D.I.f.N. (DIN), Soil Improvers And Growing Media - Determination Of Organic Matter Content And Ash; German Version EN 13039, (2012).
[36] W.E. Dean, Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition; comparison with other methods, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 44(1) (1974) 242-248.
[37] Y. Liu, B. Beckingham, H. Ruegner, Z. Li, L. Ma, M. Schwientek, H. Xie, J. Zhao, P. Grathwohl, Comparison of sedimentary PAHs in the rivers of Ammer (Germany) and Liangtan (China): differences between early-and newly-industrialized countries, Environmental science & technology, 47(2) (2013) 701-709.
[38] W. Pheiffer, L.P. Quinn, H. Bouwman, N.J. Smit, R. Pieters, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a typical urban impacted river: application of a comprehensive risk assessment, Ecotoxicology, 27(3) (2018) 336-351.
[39] J. Tao, D. Huggins, G. Welker, J. Dias, C.G. Ingersoll, J. Murowchick, Sediment contamination of residential streams in the metropolitan Kansas City area, USA: Part I. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and pesticide-related compounds, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 59(3) (2010) 352-369.
[40] P. Lei, K. Pan, H. Zhang, J. Bi, Pollution and Risk of PAHs in Surface Sediments from the Tributaries and Their Relation to Anthropogenic Activities, in the Main Urban Districts of Chongqing City, Southwest China, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology,  (2018) 1-6.
[41] N. Soltani, B. Keshavarzi, F. Moore, T. Tavakol, A.R. Lahijanzadeh, N. Jaafarzadeh, M. Kermani, Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran, Science of The Total Environment, 505 (2015) 712-723.
[42] S. Bertilsson, A. Widenfalk, Photochemical degradation of PAHs in freshwaters and their impact on bacterial growth–influence of water chemistry, Hydrobiologia, 469(1-3) (2002) 23-32
[43] D. Page, P. Boehm, G. Douglas, A. Bence, W. Burns, P. Mankiewicz, Pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments record past human activity: a case study in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(4)(1999)247-260.
[44] A.K. Baldwin, S.R. Corsi, M.A. Lutz, C.G. Ingersoll, R. Dorman, C. Magruder, M. Magruder, Primary sources and toxicity of PAHs in Milwaukee‐area streambed sediment, Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 36(6) (2017) 1622-1635.
[45] R. Dickhut, E. Canuel, K. Gustafson, K. Liu, K. Arzayus, S. Walker, G. Edgecombe, M. Gaylor, E. MacDonald, Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region, Environmental science & technology, 34(21) (2000) 4635-4640.
[46] M.B. Yunker, R.W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R.H. Mitchell, D. Goyette, S. Sylvestre, PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Organic geochemistry, 33(4) (2002) 489-515.
[47] H. Soclo, P. Garrigues, M. Ewald, Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas, Marine pollution bulletin, 40(5) (2000) 387-396.
[48] D. Saber, D. Mauro, T. Sirivedhin, Environmental forensics investigation in sediments near a former manufactured gas plant site, Environmental Forensics, 7(1) (2006) 6575.
[49] M. Bomboi, A. Hernandez, Hydrocarbons in urban runoff: their contribution to the wastewaters, Water research, 25(5) (1991) 557-565.
[50] S.A. Stout, A.D. Uhler, S.D. Emsbo-Mattingly, Comparative evaluation of background anthropogenic hydrocarbons in surficial sediments from nine urban waterways, Environmental science & technology, 38(11) (2004) 2987-2994.
[51] P. Baumard, H. Budzinski, Q. Michon, P. Garrigues, T. Burgeot, J. Bellocq, Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment records, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 47(1) (1998) 77-90.
[52] H. Takada, T. Onda, M. Harada, N. Ogura, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust from the Tokyo Metropolitan area, Science of the Total Environment, 107 (1991) 45-69.
[53] T.C. Nguyen, P. Loganathan, T.V. Nguyen, S. Vigneswaran, J. Kandasamy, D. Slee, G. Stevenson, R. Naidu, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 104 (2014) 339-348.
[54] Y. Liu, L. Chen, Z. Jianfu, H. Qinghui, Z. Zhiliang, G. Hongwen, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China, Environmental Pollution, 154(2) (2008) 298-305.
[55] O.L. Maioli, K.C. Rodrigues, B.A. Knoppers, D.A. Azevedo, Distribution and sources of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter in water from two Brazilian estuarine systems, Continental Shelf Research, 31(10) (2011) 1116-1127.
[56] Z. Zhang, H. Hong, J. Zhou, G. Yu, Phase association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minjiang River Estuary, China, Science of the Total Environment, 323(13) (2004) 71-86.
[57] J. Guinan, M. Charlesworth, M. Service, T. Oliver, Sources and Geochemical Constraints of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments and Mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(11) (2001) 1073-1081.
[58] R.M. Cavalcante, F.W. Sousa, R.F. Nascimento, E.R. Silveira, G.S.S. Freire, The impact of urbanization on tropical mangroves (Fortaleza, Brazil): Evidence from PAH distribution in sediments, Journal of Environmental Management, 91(2) (2009) 328-335.
[59] C.-W. Chen, C.-F. Chen, Distribution, origin, and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 63(5) (2011) 417-423.
[60] T.D. Bucheli, F. Blum, A. Desaules, Ö. Gustafsson, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland, Chemosphere, 56(11) (2004) 1061-1076.
[61] Y.N. Vodyanitskii, Organic matter of urban soils: A review, Eurasian soil science, 48(8) (2015) 802-811.
[62] B. Chen, X. Xuan, L. Zhu, J. Wang, Y. Gao, K. Yang, X. Shen, B. Lou, Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters, sediments and soils of Hangzhou City, China, Water Research, 38(16) (2004) 3558-3568.
[63] J. Zhou, K. Maskaoui, Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China, Environmental Pollution, 121(2) (2003) 269-281.
[64] W. Zhang, S. Zhang, C. Wan, D. Yue, Y. Ye, X. Wang, Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall, Environmental Pollution, 153(3) (2008) 594-601
[65] B. Ngabe, T.F. Bidleman, G.I. Scott, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in storm runoff from urban and coastal South Carolina, Science of the total environment, 255(13) (2000) 1-9.
[66] H. Soclo, A. Affokpon, A. Sagbo, S. Thomson, H. Budzinski, P. Garrigues, S. Matsuzawa, A. Rababah, Urban runoff contribution to surface sediment accumulation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Cotonou Lagoon, Benin, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 22(2) (2002) 111-128.
[67] B. Pérez-Fernández, L. Viñas, M.Á. Franco, J. Bargiela, PAHs in the Ría de Arousa (NW Spain): a consideration of PAHs sources and abundance, Marine pollution bulletin, 95(1) (2015) 155-165.
[68] Z. Wang, M. Liu, Y. Yang, Characterization and sources analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary, Environmental earth sciences, 73(5) (2015) 2453-2462.
Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering
Volume 52, Issue 11
February 2021
Pages 2713-2726

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics