An Investigation of Factors Affecting The Moisture Sensitivity of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Babol Noshirvani University of Technology

2 Iran University of Science & Technology

3 Nurshirvani Babylon University of Technology

4 دانشگاه علم و صنعت

Abstract

looking for of increased pollution and environmental concerns, as well as rising fuel and energy prices, the Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology, has been introduced as an environmentally friendly technology, and nowadays the direction of the pavement industry has become more widely used. WMA asphalt technology, despite the reduction in production and compaction temperature and other advantages compared to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), has a weakness in moisture damage, which is one of the main concerns of this technology, and the use of Anti-stripping additive is one of the most widely used methods to reduce this damage. Asphalt mixtures of WMA are composed of different materials such as bitumen, aggregate and WMA additives. The study on the effect of each of these materials on the reduction of moisture sensitivity less attention has been investigated. Therefore, in this study in order to aware of road engineers to improve this problem with this type of asphalt mixture will be discussed. Studies showed that the type of aggregate (characteristics of acidity or alkalinity), the type of WMA additive, and mixing and compaction temperature were among the most important factors affecting the WMA asphalt mixture resistance, which indirectly affected the pavement.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]    D. Cheng, R. G. Hicks, and T. Teesdale, “Assessment of Warm Mix Technologies for Use with Asphalt Rubber Paving Applications,” 2011.
[2]    A. Khodaii, H. Haghshenas, and H. K. Tehrani, “Effect of grading and lime content on HMA stripping using statistical methodology,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 34, pp. 131-135, 2012.
[3]    S. W. Goh, Z. You, and T. J. Van Dam, “Laboratory evaluation and pavement design for warm mix asphalt,” in Proceedings of the 2007 Mid-Continent transportation research symposium, 2007, pp. 1-11.
[4]    S. Sobhi, "Evaluation of moisture sensitivity warm mix asphalt containing Gilsonite (in Persian)," Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 2018
[5]    Barry R. Christopher, C.S. P.E., and, P.E. Richard Boudreau, Geotechnical Aspects of Pavements FHWA NHI-05-037, National Highway Institute Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C., 2006.
[6]    A. Tarrer and V. Wagh, “The effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the aggregate on bonding,” Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council Washington, DC, USA1991.
[7]    H. J. Fromm, “The mechanisms of asphalt stripping from aggregate surfaces,” 1974.
[8]    E. A. Mercado, Influence of fundamental material properties and air void structure on moisture damage of asphalt mixes (no. 06). 2007.
[9]    M. Solaimanian, J. Harvey, M. Tahmoressi, and V. Tandon, “Test methods to predict moisture sensitivity of hot-mix asphalt pavements,” in Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements-A National SeminarCalifornia Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration; National Asphalt Pavement Association; California Asphalt Pavement Alliance; and Transportation Research Board., 2003.
[10] A. Kavussi, M. Qorbani, A. Khodaii, and H. Haghshenas, “Moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt: a statistical analysis of the laboratory testing results,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 52, pp. 511-517, 2014.
[11] A. Buss, A. Cascione, and R. C. Williams, “Evaluation of warm mix asphalt containing recycled asphalt shingles,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 61, pp. 1-9, 2014.
[12] R. Ghabchi, D. Singh, and M. Zaman, “Laboratory evaluation of stiffness, low-temperature cracking, rutting, moisture damage, and fatigue performance of WMA mixes,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 334-357, 2015.
[13] M. Ameri, S. Kouchaki, and H. Roshani, “Laboratory evaluation of the effect of nano-organosilane antistripping additive on the moisture susceptibility of HMA mixtures under freeze–thaw cycles,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 48, pp. 1009-1016, 2013.
[14] B. Huang, Y. Zhang, X. Shu, Y. Liu, D. Penumadu, and X. P. Ye, “Neutron scattering for moisture detection in foamed asphalt,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 932-938, 2013.
[15] M. R. Kakar, M. O. Hamzah, and J. Valentin, “A review on moisture damages of hot and warm mix asphalt and related investigations,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 99, pp. 39-58, 2015.
[16] B. Sengoz and E. Agar, “Effect of asphalt film thickness on the moisture sensitivity characteristics of hot-mix asphalt,” Building and environment, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3621-3628, 2007.
[17] V. Mouillet, F. Farcas, and S. Besson, “Ageing by UV radiation of an elastomer modified bitumen,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 12, pp. 2408-2419, 2008.
[18] S. Hesami, H. Roshani, G. H. Hamedi, and A. Azarhoosh, “Evaluate the mechanism of the effect of hydrated lime on moisture damage of warm mix asphalt,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 47, pp. 935-941, 2013.
[19] M. Arabani, H. Roshani, and G. H. Hamedi, “Estimating moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt modified with zycosoil as an antistrip agent using surface free energy method,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 889-897, 2012.
[20] R. Ghabchi, D. Singh, M. Zaman, and Q. Tian, “A laboratory study of warm mix asphalt for moisture damage potential using surface free energy method,” in Airfield and Highway Pavement 2013: Sustainable and Efficient Pavements, 2013, pp. 54-63.
[21] G. Shafabakhsh, M. Faramarzi, and M. Sadeghnejad, “Use of surface free energy method to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of sulfur extended asphalts modified with antistripping agents,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 98, pp. 456-464, 2015.
[22] B. Li, J. Yang, X. Li, X. Liu, F. Han, and L. Li, “Effect of short-term aging process on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures and binders containing sasobit warm mix additive,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2015, 2015.
[23] F. Xiao, V. S. Punith, S. N. Amirkhanian, and C. Thodesen, “Improved resistance of long-term aged warm-mix asphalt to moisture damage containing moist aggregates,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 913-922, 2013.
[24] P. E. Sebaaly, E. Y. Hajj, and M. Piratheepan, “Evaluation of selected warm mix asphalt technologies,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 16, no. sup1, pp. 475-486, 2015.
[25] L. Garcia Cucalon, E. Kassem, D. N. Little, and E. Masad, “Fundamental evaluation of moisture damage in warm-mix asphalts,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 18, no. sup1, pp. 258-283, 2017.
[26] J.-L. Lambert, Investigation into Asphalt Concrete Material and Volumetric Properties that Promote Moisture Damage. University of Manitoba (Canada), 2013.
[27] K. Majidzadeh and F. N. Brovold, State of the art: Effect of water on bitumen-aggregate mixtures. Highway Research Board, National Research Council, 1968.
[28] L. Santucci, “Minimizing Moisture Damage in Asphalt Pavements,” 2010.
[29] J. D’angelo and R. Anderson, “Material production, mix design, and pavement design effects on moisture damage,” in Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Pavements-A National SeminarCalifornia Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration; National Asphalt Pavement Association; California Asphalt Pavement Alliance; and Transportation Research Board., 2003.
[30] B. Şengöz, A. Topal, and C. Gorkem, “Evaluation of moisture characteristics of warm mix asphalt involving natural zeolite,” Road materials and pavement design, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 933-945, 2013.
[31] S. Xu, F. Xiao, S. Amirkhanian, and D. Singh, “Moisture characteristics of mixtures with warm mix asphalt technologies–a review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 142, pp. 148-161, 2017.
[32] E. Sangsefidi, H. Ziari, and A. Mansourkhaki, “The effect of aggregate gradation on creep and moisture susceptibility performance of warm mix asphalt,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 133-141, 2014.
[33] K. Kanitpong, N. Charoentham, and S. Likitlersuang, “Investigation on the effects of gradation and aggregate type to moisture damage of warm mix asphalt modified with Sasobit,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 451-458, 2012.
[34] W. Hodo, A. Kvasnak, and E. Brown, “Investigation of foamed asphalt (warm mix asphalt) with high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content for sustainment and rehabilitation of asphalt pavement,” in Proc., Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2009.
[35] M. Tao and R. Mallick, “Effects of warm-mix asphalt additives on workability and mechanical properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement material,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, no. 2126, pp. 151160, 2009.
[36] M. Fakhri and A. Ahmadi, “Recycling of RAP and steel slag aggregates into the warm mix asphalt: A performance evaluation,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 147, pp. 630-638, 2017.
[37] M. J. Ayazi, A. Moniri, and P. Barghabany, “Moisture susceptibility of warm mixed-reclaimed asphalt pavement containing Sasobit and Zycotherm additives,” Petroleum Science and Technology, vol.35, no. 9, pp. 890-895, 2017.
[38] X. Shu, B. Huang, E. D. Shrum, and X. Jia, “Laboratory evaluation of moisture susceptibility of foamed warm mix asphalt containing high percentages of RAP,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 35, pp. 125-130, 2012.
[39] B. Hill, B. Behnia, W. G. Buttlar, and H. Reis, “Evaluation of warm mix asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement through mechanical performance tests and an acoustic emission approach,” Civil Engineering, vol. 25, no. 12, 2013.
[40] S. Zhao, B. Huang, X. Shu, and M. Woods, “Comparative evaluation of warm mix asphalt containing high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 44, pp. 92-100, 2013.
[41] N. Guo, Z. You, Y. Zhao, Y. Tan, and A. Diab, “Laboratory performance of warm mix asphalt containing recycled asphalt mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 64, pp. 141-149, 2014.
[42] X. D. Lu and M. Saleh, “Evaluation of warm mix asphalt performance incorporating high RAP content,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 343-350, 2016.
[43] F. Moghadas Nejad, A. Azarhoosh, G. H. Hamedi, and H. Roshani, “Rutting performance prediction of warm mix asphalt containing reclaimed asphalt pavements,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 207-219, 2014.
[44] J. D. Doyle and I. L. Howard, “Rutting and moisture damage resistance of high reclaimed asphalt pavement warm mixed asphalt: loaded wheel tracking vs. conventional methods,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 14, no. sup2, pp. 148-172, .3102
[45] W. Mogawer, A. Austerman, L. Mohammad, and M. E. Kutay, “Evaluation of high RAP-WMA asphalt rubber mixtures,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 14, no. sup2, pp. 129-147, 2013.
[46] A.    Kavussi and  M. J. Qazizadeh,  “Fatigue characterization of asphalt mixes containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag subjected to long term aging,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 72, pp. 158-166, 2014.
[47] S. Amelian, M. Manian, S. M. Abtahi, and A. Goli, “Moisture sensitivity and mechanical performance assessment of warm mix asphalt containing byproduct steel slag,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 176, pp. 329-337, 2018.
[48] M. F. Tafti, M. M. Khabiri, and H. K. Sanij, “Experimental investigation of the effect of using different aggregate types on WMA mixtures,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 376-386, 2016.
[49]Investigation of Long-term Performance of Warm Mix Asphalts Containing EAF Steel Slag (in Persian)," Journal of Transportation Infrastructure Engineering, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 23-42, 2017.
[50] S. Hesami, M. Ameri, H. Goli, and A. Akbari, “Laboratory investigation of moisture susceptibility of warm-mix asphalt mixtures containing steel slag aggregates,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 745-759, 2015.
[51] H. Ziari, A. Moniri, R. Imaninasab, and M. Nakhaei, “Effect of copper slag on performance of warm mix asphalt,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, pp. 1-7, 2017.
[52] S. K. Das, “Evaluation of asphalt--aggregate bond and stripping potential,” Texas Tech University, 2004.
[53] A. Akbari Nasrekani, M. Nakhaei, K. Naderi, E. Fini, and S. Aflaki, “Improving Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Concrete Using Natural Bitumen (Gilsonite),” 2017.
[54] A. Diab, Z. You, R. Ghabchi, and M. Zaman, “Effects of regular-sized and nanosized hydrated lime on binder rheology and surface free energy of adhesion of foamed warm mix asphalt,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 27, no. 9, 2015.
[55] J. Cheng, J. Shen, and F. Xiao, “Moisture susceptibility of warm-mix asphalt mixtures containing nanosized hydrated lime,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 1552-1559, 2011.
[56] P. Mirzababaei, “Effect of zycotherm on moisture susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt mixtures prepared with different aggregate types and gradations,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 116, pp. 403-412, 2016.
[57] M. Ameri, M. Vamegh, S. F. C. Naeni, and M. Molayem, “Moisture susceptibility evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing Evonik, Zycotherm and hydrated lime,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 165, pp. 958-965, 2018.
[58] F. Xiao, V. Punith, and B. Putman, “Effect of compaction temperature on rutting and moisture resistance of foamed warm-mix-asphalt mixtures,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1344-1352, 2013.
[59] A. Kavussi and L. Hashemian, “Laboratory evaluation of moisture damage and rutting potential of WMA foam mixes,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 415-423, 2012.
[60] M. Zaumanis, “Warm mix asphalt investigation,” Master of science thesis. Kgs. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark in cooperation with the Danish Road Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, 2010.
[61] Y. Edwards and U. Isacsson, “Wax in bitumen: Part II—characterization and effects,” Road materials and pavement design, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 439-468, 2005.
[62] H. Nabizadeh, B. Naderi, and N. Tabatabaee, “Effects of moisture on warm mix asphalt containing Sasobit,” Scientia Iranica. Transaction A, Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 1866, 2017.
[63] M. Ameri, S. Hesami, and H. Goli, “Laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt mixtures containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag,” Construction and Building materials, vol. 49, pp. 611-617, 2013.
[64] S. Sargand, M. D. Nazzal, A. Al-Rawashdeh, and D. Powers, “Field evaluation of warm-mix asphalt technologies,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 11, 2012.
[65] V. Punith, F. Xiao, and S. N. Amirkhanian, “Effects of lime content on moisture susceptibility of rubberized stone matrix asphalt mixtures using warm mix additives in terms of statistical analysis,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 1431-1440, 2012.
[66] R. Ghabchi, D. Singh, M. Zaman, and Q. Tian, “Mechanistic evaluation of the effect of WMA additives on wettability and moisture susceptibility properties of asphalt mixes,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 933-942, 2013.
[67] A. Buddhala, Z. Hossain, N. M. Wasiuddin, M. Zaman, and A. Edgar, “Effects of an amine antistripping agent on moisture susceptibility of sasobit and aspha-min mixes by surface free energy analysis,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 91-99, 2011.
[68] J. Wei, F. Dong, Y. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Relationship analysis between surface free energy and chemical composition of asphalt binder,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 71, pp. 116-123, 2014.
[69] W. Barthel and M. Von Devivere, “Warm Asphalt Mixes by Adding Aspha-Min. A Synthetic Zeolite,” in Proceedings of the 48 th Annual Convention of the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), 2003, pp. 11-17.
[70] S. Capitão, L. Picado-Santos, and F. Martinho, “Pavement engineering materials: Review on the use of warm-mix asphalt,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 36, pp. 1016-1024, 2012.
[71] W. Cao and S. Liu, “Performance evaluation of asphalt-rubber stone matrix asphalt mixtures with warm mix asphalt additives,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 141-147, 2012.
[72] V. Punith, F. Xiao, B. Putman, and S. N. Amirkhanian, “Effects of long-term aging on moisture sensitivity of foamed WMA mixtures containing moist aggregates,” Materials and structures, vol. 45, no. 1-2, pp. 251264, .2102
[73] M. O. Hamzah, B. Golchin, A. Jamshidi, and E.Chailleux, “Evaluation of Rediset for use in warmmix asphalt: a review of the literatures,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 809-831, 2015.
[74] R. Bonaquist, “Mix Design Practices for Warm Mix Asphalt.NCHRP 9-43, Interim Report,” Washington DC: National Cooperation Highway Research Program, 2008.
[75] H. Lee and Y. Kim, “Performance measures of warm asphalt mixtures for safe and reliable freight transportation,” Mid-America Transportation Center2009.
[76] H. Zhu, Z. X. Xie, W. Z. Fan, L. L. Wang, and J. N. Shen, “Effects of warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives on the properties of WMA mixtures,” in Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013, vol. 275, pp. 20972102: Trans Tech Publ.
[77] D. Jones, B.-W. Tsai, J. M. Signore, and U. o. C. P. R. Center, Warm-mix asphalt study: laboratory test results for AkzoNobel RedisetTM WMX. University of California, Pavement Research Center, 2010.
[78] C. K. Estakhri, J. W. Button, and A. E. Alvarez, “Field and laboratory investigation of warm mix asphalt in Texas,” Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A & M University System2010.
[79] B. W. Hailesilassie, M. Hugener, and M. N. Partl, “Influence of foaming water content on foam asphalt mixtures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 85, pp. 65-77, 2015.
[80] F. Xiao, W. Zhao, T. Gandhi, and S. N. Amirkhanian, “Laboratory investigation of moisture susceptibility of long-term saturated warm mix asphalt mixtures,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 401-414, 2012.
 
Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering
Volume 52, Issue 1
April 2020
Pages 187-212

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics