Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Laboratory Study of the Hydraulics of Flow in Gabion Stepped Weirs Laboratory Study of the Hydraulics of Flow in Gabion Stepped Weirs 3169 3186 3902 10.22060/ceej.2020.17256.6502 FA Farzin Salmasi 0000-0002-1627-8598 Sina Razi PhD candidate, University of Tabriz, Tabriz-Iran Ali Hossinzadeh Dalir Professor, Water engineering department, University of Tabriz, Tabriz-Iran 0000-0003-2359-3921 Journal Article 2019 10 20 In this study, different components that affect energy dissipation on flow over gabion-stepped spillways were investigated using physical models, and comparisons were made with the other studies. Flow over gabion spillway was conducted in both through flow and overflow simultaneously. The discharge is in the range of 5 to 65 liters per second. Uniform particles with three medium diameters of 10, 25, and 40 mm were used. The height and width of the physical models were 60 and 40 cm, respectively, with 3 steps and the downstream slope of weirs was 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 (V: H). Tow end sills including rectangular and inclined shapes were used. The results showed that the effect of end sills in gabion-stepped weirs with lower slope is more than that of weirs comprising higher slope. The effect of the end sills on the energy dissipation in the weir for d50=40 mm and S=1:2 is about 10% more than the weir with d50=10 mm and S=1:1. In weir including d50=10 mm and S=1:2 is about 30 to 35 percent more than the weir with d50=10 mm and S=1:1. Therefore, the existence of end sills in the weirs with the body of materials of d50=10 and 40 mm have the highest and the least effects on the energy dissipation. On the other hand, the effect of the rectangular end sill on the energy loss is about 3-4% more than that the effect of the triangular end sill. In this study, different components that affect energy dissipation on flow over gabion-stepped spillways were investigated using physical models, and comparisons were made with the other studies. Flow over gabion spillway was conducted in both through flow and overflow simultaneously. The discharge is in the range of 5 to 65 liters per second. Uniform particles with three medium diameters of 10, 25, and 40 mm were used. The height and width of the physical models were 60 and 40 cm, respectively, with 3 steps and the downstream slope of weirs was 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 (V: H). Tow end sills including rectangular and inclined shapes were used. The results showed that the effect of end sills in gabion-stepped weirs with lower slope is more than that of weirs comprising higher slope. The effect of the end sills on the energy dissipation in the weir for d50=40 mm and S=1:2 is about 10% more than the weir with d50=10 mm and S=1:1. In weir including d50=10 mm and S=1:2 is about 30 to 35 percent more than the weir with d50=10 mm and S=1:1. Therefore, the existence of end sills in the weirs with the body of materials of d50=10 and 40 mm have the highest and the least effects on the energy dissipation. On the other hand, the effect of the rectangular end sill on the energy loss is about 3-4% more than that the effect of the triangular end sill.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3902_1517c8664be296f0d87d9e5fc54fdd60.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Carbon Dioxide Minimization in Large-Scale Pavement Network Maintenance Planning Carbon Dioxide Minimization in Large-Scale Pavement Network Maintenance Planning 3187 3200 4010 10.22060/ceej.2020.17650.6632 FA Hamed Naseri Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Elahe Safari Ghalekoli Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Sina Mohamadzade Saliani Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad Dep. of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology 0000-0003-3830-4555 Amir Golroo Transportation group, Civil dept, AUT 0000-0002-4222-9861 Journal Article 2020 01 02 Choosing an appropriate strategy to maintain pavements has become a significant concern. Recently, pavement agencies tackle large-scale networks, which makes the problem complicated. To prevail in this complexity, utilizing metaheuristic algorithms can be an ideal approach. By increasing the dimension of the problem, the competency of metaheuristic algorithms is by far enhanced. To this end, the water cycle algorithm is applied to solve the problem. In this investigation, two models, including single objective optimization and multi-objective optimization, are taken into consideration. In the single-objective model, the minimization of the network International Roughness Index (IRI) is considered as the objective function. In multi-objective optimization modeling, minimization of the network International Roughness Index and embodied CO2 emission are taken into account simultaneously. Furthermore, a new constraint is considered in the model, which leads to restricting the budget fluctuation in different years of the analysis period. A network, including 79 segments, is the case study of this investigation. The results reveal that the water cycle algorithm is highly qualified to solve the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation problem. According to the results, multi-objective optimization reduces the CO2 emission by 47.2% compared with single-objective modeling. Furthermore, the variation of minimum and maximum costs is less than 20% in the planning horizon. Choosing an appropriate strategy to maintain pavements has become a significant concern. Recently, pavement agencies tackle large-scale networks, which makes the problem complicated. To prevail in this complexity, utilizing metaheuristic algorithms can be an ideal approach. By increasing the dimension of the problem, the competency of metaheuristic algorithms is by far enhanced. To this end, the water cycle algorithm is applied to solve the problem. In this investigation, two models, including single objective optimization and multi-objective optimization, are taken into consideration. In the single-objective model, the minimization of the network International Roughness Index (IRI) is considered as the objective function. In multi-objective optimization modeling, minimization of the network International Roughness Index and embodied CO2 emission are taken into account simultaneously. Furthermore, a new constraint is considered in the model, which leads to restricting the budget fluctuation in different years of the analysis period. A network, including 79 segments, is the case study of this investigation. The results reveal that the water cycle algorithm is highly qualified to solve the pavement maintenance and rehabilitation problem. According to the results, multi-objective optimization reduces the CO2 emission by 47.2% compared with single-objective modeling. Furthermore, the variation of minimum and maximum costs is less than 20% in the planning horizon.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4010_6693a7aacb8a2e74c6f5fe91bc39864b.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 An Intelligent Method for Crack Classification in Concrete Structures Based on Deep Neural Networks An Intelligent Method for Crack Classification in Concrete Structures Based on Deep Neural Networks 3201 3220 4113 10.22060/ceej.2020.17738.6660 FA Nooshin Bigdeli Control Eng. Dept., Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University 0000-0001-5536-4491 Hamed Jabbari Control Engineering Department, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Mahdi Shojaei Control Engineering Department, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Journal Article 2020 01 19 Identifying and examining the types of cracks in concrete structures is one of the challenging engineering issues. Detection of crack bifurcation is very important because it detects high-intensity surfaces in concrete structures. In this paper, a new architecture based on convolutional neural networks is presented for crack classification in concrete structures. The proposed architecture detected and classified crack bifurcation in less time and with higher accuracy than other conventional and authentic deep learning architectures. In this paper, the cracks in 12000 images of concrete structures were investigated by the proposed algorithm, which resulted in 99.3% accuracy in categorizing as non-cracked images, images with simple cracks, and bifurcated crack images. Moreover, the analysis of the confusion matrix showed an accuracy of 99.3% and a recall of 99.5%, which confirmed the proper performance of the proposed algorithm. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed algorithm also showed the need for proportionality between the number of data, the number of neurons in the fully connected layer, execution time, and the expected percentage of accuracy according to the application of the problem. Identifying and examining the types of cracks in concrete structures is one of the challenging engineering issues. Detection of crack bifurcation is very important because it detects high-intensity surfaces in concrete structures. In this paper, a new architecture based on convolutional neural networks is presented for crack classification in concrete structures. The proposed architecture detected and classified crack bifurcation in less time and with higher accuracy than other conventional and authentic deep learning architectures. In this paper, the cracks in 12000 images of concrete structures were investigated by the proposed algorithm, which resulted in 99.3% accuracy in categorizing as non-cracked images, images with simple cracks, and bifurcated crack images. Moreover, the analysis of the confusion matrix showed an accuracy of 99.3% and a recall of 99.5%, which confirmed the proper performance of the proposed algorithm. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed algorithm also showed the need for proportionality between the number of data, the number of neurons in the fully connected layer, execution time, and the expected percentage of accuracy according to the application of the problem.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4113_4ee78d4122ef8503fe01cdad3e9ea4ee.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Numerical Investigation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Vertical Drops with Screens and Gradually Wall Expanding Numerical Investigation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Vertical Drops with Screens and Gradually Wall Expanding 3221 3238 3852 10.22060/ceej.2020.17779.6671 FA Behnam Nayebzadeh PhD civil student in Tabriz University Mohammad Ali Lotfollahi-yaghin Professor, ph.d, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Rasoul Daneshfaraz Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran. 0000-0003-1012-8342 Journal Article 2020 01 23 In the present study, the hydraulic characteristics of vertical drops with screens and the gradual wall expanding downstream using FLOW-3D software are investigated. For this purpose, two porosity ratios of the screens of 40 and 50%, 5 gradually expanding with 3 vertical drop heights in the specified discharge range were used. It was found that the numerical results are closer to the experimental results with the RNG turbulence model than k-ε. By increasing the drop height, the ΔE/E0 due to the jet floor impact intensity increased and yp/P value decreased. The maximum ΔE/E0 for 25 cm height was 51.60% and the lowest for 15 cm was 44.25%. For a constant drop height with increasing discharge, the ΔE/E0 decreased and yp/P increased. The gradually wall expanding causes turbulence on the edges and a non-uniform distribution of yd/P and by increasing yp/P and yd/P, it caused a 25% increase in ΔE/E0. The presence of screens increased yp/P, yd/P, and ΔE/E0 by 44%. The simultaneous use of gradually walls expanding and screens caused a 46% increase in ΔE/E0 and a decrease in yp/P and yd/P values. It was shown that the contribution of screens is greater than the gradually wall expanding, with their simultaneous application increasing ΔE/E0 up to 33.5%. In the present study, the hydraulic characteristics of vertical drops with screens and the gradual wall expanding downstream using FLOW-3D software are investigated. For this purpose, two porosity ratios of the screens of 40 and 50%, 5 gradually expanding with 3 vertical drop heights in the specified discharge range were used. It was found that the numerical results are closer to the experimental results with the RNG turbulence model than k-ε. By increasing the drop height, the ΔE/E0 due to the jet floor impact intensity increased and yp/P value decreased. The maximum ΔE/E0 for 25 cm height was 51.60% and the lowest for 15 cm was 44.25%. For a constant drop height with increasing discharge, the ΔE/E0 decreased and yp/P increased. The gradually wall expanding causes turbulence on the edges and a non-uniform distribution of yd/P and by increasing yp/P and yd/P, it caused a 25% increase in ΔE/E0. The presence of screens increased yp/P, yd/P, and ΔE/E0 by 44%. The simultaneous use of gradually walls expanding and screens caused a 46% increase in ΔE/E0 and a decrease in yp/P and yd/P values. It was shown that the contribution of screens is greater than the gradually wall expanding, with their simultaneous application increasing ΔE/E0 up to 33.5%.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3852_582967e09f1b30ca2539968da0a174fa.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 The Study of the Contracts of Building Information Model (BIM) and the Approach to its Contractual Framework Codification The Study of the Contracts of Building Information Model (BIM) and the Approach to its Contractual Framework Codification 3239 3260 4147 10.22060/ceej.2020.17795.6677 FA Siamak Nilchian Student/ Department of Civil Engineering, Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Javad Majrouhi Sardrood Assistant Professor/Director of Construction Engineering and Management Program/ Department of Civil Engineering/ Azad University Central Tehran Branch Mehrab DarabPour 3) Assistant Professor, Director of Law, Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5392-4157 Shahryar Tavousi Tafreshi 4) Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 01 25 Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been created to increase the efficiency and use the abilities of the digital tools in construction projects and is improving more and more. In addition to the benefits of this technology, some new challenges have been rosed most of which are related to legal and contractual issues. The routine contracts of the construction industry cannot respond well to the special situation of BIM, and various approaches have been proposed at the international level to resolve this problem. Some of them are under investigation and research to reach an appropriate solution. A specific contractual framework has not been codified in Iran, either. The study of these approaches fulfilled separately and scattered all over the world is a necessity that must be analyzed to present an explicit viewpoint for the decision-makers to achieve an appropriate approach for BIM contractual framework codification. This study investigates 21 cases of the proposed approaches in 7 leading countries in this field (BIM) and receiving the domestic industrial professionals’ comments, has compared these approaches and categorized their advantages and disadvantages. The results of this research showed that providing “the contractual appendix of BIM” and its attachment to the existed contracts can be an acceptable approach for removing the contractual problems of BIM. In the end, some proposals were presented for the manner of an appropriate contractual framework along with the country's situation and requirements. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been created to increase the efficiency and use the abilities of the digital tools in construction projects and is improving more and more. In addition to the benefits of this technology, some new challenges have been rosed most of which are related to legal and contractual issues. The routine contracts of the construction industry cannot respond well to the special situation of BIM, and various approaches have been proposed at the international level to resolve this problem. Some of them are under investigation and research to reach an appropriate solution. A specific contractual framework has not been codified in Iran, either. The study of these approaches fulfilled separately and scattered all over the world is a necessity that must be analyzed to present an explicit viewpoint for the decision-makers to achieve an appropriate approach for BIM contractual framework codification. This study investigates 21 cases of the proposed approaches in 7 leading countries in this field (BIM) and receiving the domestic industrial professionals’ comments, has compared these approaches and categorized their advantages and disadvantages. The results of this research showed that providing “the contractual appendix of BIM” and its attachment to the existed contracts can be an acceptable approach for removing the contractual problems of BIM. In the end, some proposals were presented for the manner of an appropriate contractual framework along with the country's situation and requirements.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4147_d714d2c5a796d5814c565d78dd16188d.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Prediction of Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Support Vector Regression and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Algorithms Optimized with Meta-Heuristic Algorithms Prediction of Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams using Support Vector Regression and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Algorithms Optimized with Meta-Heuristic Algorithms 3261 3278 3885 10.22060/ceej.2020.17798.6679 FA Farnaz Esfandnia Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Journal Article 2020 01 26 Considering the complexity of shear mechanisms of reinforced concrete beams and the effects of various parameters, creating a general model for the accurate estimation of the shear capacity is difficult. In addition, most guidelines for the determination of the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams in empirical design codes have been obtained experimentally. Artificial intelligence algorithms have been widely used in this area in recent years. In this study, SVR, PANFIS, and GANFIS algorithms were used to predict the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. In this regard, the data of 175 experimental RC beam samples were collected. In these algorithms, values of nine parameters affecting shear capacity were used as the input parameter and the shear capacity of the reinforced concrete beams as the output parameter. Using the Kfold validation method, training and test data were defined, and the predictions were performed accordingly. The results of predictions showed that the neuro-fuzzy inference system model with the genetic optimization algorithm had a higher accuracy than other algorithms with a second root mean square error of 0.06634 and a correlation coefficient of 0.996. Also, the grey system theory was used to determine the parametric sensitivity of the study variables on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. The results showed that the mean coefficient of sensitivity analysis of the longitudinal rebar percentage parameter is greater than other parameters, indicating that the longitudinal rebar percentage parameter had more effects on shear capacity. Considering the complexity of shear mechanisms of reinforced concrete beams and the effects of various parameters, creating a general model for the accurate estimation of the shear capacity is difficult. In addition, most guidelines for the determination of the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams in empirical design codes have been obtained experimentally. Artificial intelligence algorithms have been widely used in this area in recent years. In this study, SVR, PANFIS, and GANFIS algorithms were used to predict the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. In this regard, the data of 175 experimental RC beam samples were collected. In these algorithms, values of nine parameters affecting shear capacity were used as the input parameter and the shear capacity of the reinforced concrete beams as the output parameter. Using the Kfold validation method, training and test data were defined, and the predictions were performed accordingly. The results of predictions showed that the neuro-fuzzy inference system model with the genetic optimization algorithm had a higher accuracy than other algorithms with a second root mean square error of 0.06634 and a correlation coefficient of 0.996. Also, the grey system theory was used to determine the parametric sensitivity of the study variables on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. The results showed that the mean coefficient of sensitivity analysis of the longitudinal rebar percentage parameter is greater than other parameters, indicating that the longitudinal rebar percentage parameter had more effects on shear capacity.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3885_311abb492a69fe7da41be858fdd2aae8.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Three-dimensional Numerical Study of the Effect of Convex Corners on the Displacements Induced by Excavation for Soil-Nailed Walls Three-dimensional Numerical Study of the Effect of Convex Corners on the Displacements Induced by Excavation for Soil-Nailed Walls 3279 3298 4001 10.22060/ceej.2020.17826.6687 FA Soroush Khodaverdian Geotechnical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Mohammad Hazeghian a department of Civil Engineering, Yazd university, Yazd, iran 0000-0002-0841-0122 Maryam Mokhtari civil engineering department, faculty of engineering, yazd university Journal Article 2020 02 01 In most excavation projects, the excavation plan is irregular in shape, including concave and convex corners. In practice, the 2D (i.e., plane strain) analysis is often employed to evaluate the factor of safety and displacements induced by excavation for concave and convex corners. However, contrary to concave corners, using the plane strain analysis is not on the conservative side for convex corners. The present paper uses a numerical modeling methodology to study the effects of the convex corner on the displacements induced by excavation for soil-nailed walls. In this regard, a series of parametric studies are carried out, involving 2D and 3D deformation analyses of nine soil-nailed excavation models with three wall heights and three types of soil. The results of the paper show that the lengths of the affected zone (i.e., the zone adjacent to the convex corner along which the 3D settlements at the wall crest are higher than the 2D one) increase by decreasing the soil strength. Moreover, the results indicate that the maximum ratios of 3D settlement to 2D one along the affected zone are independent of the wall height and soil type. In addition, the results suggest that giving azimuth to soil nails along the affected zone causes the wall displacements along this zone to increase significantly. In most excavation projects, the excavation plan is irregular in shape, including concave and convex corners. In practice, the 2D (i.e., plane strain) analysis is often employed to evaluate the factor of safety and displacements induced by excavation for concave and convex corners. However, contrary to concave corners, using the plane strain analysis is not on the conservative side for convex corners. The present paper uses a numerical modeling methodology to study the effects of the convex corner on the displacements induced by excavation for soil-nailed walls. In this regard, a series of parametric studies are carried out, involving 2D and 3D deformation analyses of nine soil-nailed excavation models with three wall heights and three types of soil. The results of the paper show that the lengths of the affected zone (i.e., the zone adjacent to the convex corner along which the 3D settlements at the wall crest are higher than the 2D one) increase by decreasing the soil strength. Moreover, the results indicate that the maximum ratios of 3D settlement to 2D one along the affected zone are independent of the wall height and soil type. In addition, the results suggest that giving azimuth to soil nails along the affected zone causes the wall displacements along this zone to increase significantly.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4001_ffc58105bf6f8a91aba0fa2d99e6f106.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 The Effect of Fatigue on Safety Attitude, Hazard Recognition and Safety Risk Perception among Construction Workers The Effect of Fatigue on Safety Attitude, Hazard Recognition and Safety Risk Perception among Construction Workers 3299 3316 4157 10.22060/ceej.2020.17830.6688 FA Farshid Taherpour Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan Ebrahim Ghiasvand Civil - Buali-Sina University Mostafa Namian Department of Construction Management, College of Engineering and Technology, East Carolina University Journal Article 2020 02 02 According to the National Job Institution, each year about 360 million job accidents happen all around the world which leads to the loss of lives of over two million people. About 50% of these accidents are related to the construction sector which causes physical, mental, and monetary damages. Therefore, to prevent and decrease incidents in construction environments, it is essential to explore the factors that influence safety attitude, hazard recognition performance, and safety risk perception of construction workers. One of these factors is fatigue, which has a negative effect on the safety performance of construction workers but has not been empirically investigated before. To study the impacts of fatigue on the safety performance of construction workers and achieve the research goals, 135 construction workers were recruited. After collecting fatigue data and safety attitudes of the participating workers, their hazard recognition and safety risk perception were evaluated using pre-evaluated case images all captured from real construction projects. The results of the study revealed that (1) in comparison with high fatigue levels, low fatigue levels are associated with a more positive safety attitude and higher hazard recognition, and (2) the effect of fatigue on safety risk perception was mediated by hazard recognition performance and safety attitude. The findings of this study help the construction industry to improve safety performance by mitigating the negative aspects of fatigue among workers. According to the National Job Institution, each year about 360 million job accidents happen all around the world which leads to the loss of lives of over two million people. About 50% of these accidents are related to the construction sector which causes physical, mental, and monetary damages. Therefore, to prevent and decrease incidents in construction environments, it is essential to explore the factors that influence safety attitude, hazard recognition performance, and safety risk perception of construction workers. One of these factors is fatigue, which has a negative effect on the safety performance of construction workers but has not been empirically investigated before. To study the impacts of fatigue on the safety performance of construction workers and achieve the research goals, 135 construction workers were recruited. After collecting fatigue data and safety attitudes of the participating workers, their hazard recognition and safety risk perception were evaluated using pre-evaluated case images all captured from real construction projects. The results of the study revealed that (1) in comparison with high fatigue levels, low fatigue levels are associated with a more positive safety attitude and higher hazard recognition, and (2) the effect of fatigue on safety risk perception was mediated by hazard recognition performance and safety attitude. The findings of this study help the construction industry to improve safety performance by mitigating the negative aspects of fatigue among workers.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4157_b837305e43f7e535a1506fc263eee3ed.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 The Zoning of Soil Strength Parameters in Rasht using Geographical Information System (GIS) The Zoning of Soil Strength Parameters in Rasht using Geographical Information System (GIS) 3317 3334 3992 10.22060/ceej.2020.17862.6699 FA Nasrin Saberelizei University if Guilan Mehran Karimpour-Fard Iran University of Science and Technology 0000-0001-5313-6444 Meysam Effati Ph.D. in Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering (Road &amp; Transportation), Faculty of Engineering, The University of Guilan, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 05 Geotechnical studies constitute a key part of civil engineering projects that have economic and qualitative implications for the structure and its safety during both construction and operational phases. In addition to requiring time and expenses, borehole drilling, soil sampling, and geotechnical testing can at times lead to irreparable losses and damage, such as the explosion of gas pipes or the collapse of adjacent buildings. For typical buildings, such tests can be skipped with the help of geographical information system (GIS) analysis functions. In this study, the geographical coordinates about the location of previous geotechnical studies conducted during the construction of residential structures have been determined, to create an appropriate database and with the use of GIS interpolation functions, zoning maps are prepared and presented to offer a general visualization of the geotechnical status of the area. Therefore, in this study, the geotechnical data of 170 boreholes drilled in Rasht, including soil strength parameters for individual soil layers to a depth of 12 m from ground level were collected and implemented in GIS interpolation functions. Thus, raster layers were created and after selecting the best interpolation method, zoning maps for geotechnical parameters were plotted. Results showed that overall, more than 99% of the study area has an SPT number higher than 10 and an internal friction angle lower than 28 degrees. Qualitatively, aggregate soils in the study area were generally composed of medium sandy soils while most cohesive soils in the area fall in the category of stiff. Geotechnical studies constitute a key part of civil engineering projects that have economic and qualitative implications for the structure and its safety during both construction and operational phases. In addition to requiring time and expenses, borehole drilling, soil sampling, and geotechnical testing can at times lead to irreparable losses and damage, such as the explosion of gas pipes or the collapse of adjacent buildings. For typical buildings, such tests can be skipped with the help of geographical information system (GIS) analysis functions. In this study, the geographical coordinates about the location of previous geotechnical studies conducted during the construction of residential structures have been determined, to create an appropriate database and with the use of GIS interpolation functions, zoning maps are prepared and presented to offer a general visualization of the geotechnical status of the area. Therefore, in this study, the geotechnical data of 170 boreholes drilled in Rasht, including soil strength parameters for individual soil layers to a depth of 12 m from ground level were collected and implemented in GIS interpolation functions. Thus, raster layers were created and after selecting the best interpolation method, zoning maps for geotechnical parameters were plotted. Results showed that overall, more than 99% of the study area has an SPT number higher than 10 and an internal friction angle lower than 28 degrees. Qualitatively, aggregate soils in the study area were generally composed of medium sandy soils while most cohesive soils in the area fall in the category of stiff.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3992_0de5d1a081a3095d62b416e44e055e7a.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Investigation of Some Durability Properties of Concrete Pavements Containing Nanoparticles Investigation of Some Durability Properties of Concrete Pavements Containing Nanoparticles 3335 3354 3944 10.22060/ceej.2020.17893.6705 FA Farzin Ghadim Tekmehdash Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran Alireza Mohammadjafari Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-3610-3576 Hasan Afshin Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 09 Mechanical and durability properties of concrete structures, including concrete pavements, have been a focus of attention. In this regard, the potential of nanomaterials needs to be discussed more. Water permeability, abrasion, and compressive strength are assessed in this study. So far, the incorporation of diverse types of nanomaterials with different methods has caused the enhancement of some mechanical and durability properties of concrete. In the present study, five types of nanoparticles as nanoSiO2, nanoTiO2, nanoAl2O3, nanoFe2O3, and nanoFe3O4 in different amounts were uniformly dispersed and added to the concrete. To reduce the cost and decrease the required nanomaterials, specimens were made in two layers. The surface layer of specimens was made from self-compacting concrete containing nanoparticles with 1 cm depth, which was placed over the bottom layer from conventional concrete with different depths depending on the tests. The test results indicated that the properties of concrete pavements containing nanoparticles are improved comparing to the control specimen. For instance, in specimens containing nanoTiO2 as much as 3% by the weight of cement, the water permeability improved by 84.6%. Furthermore, the abrasion resistance of specimens containing nanoSiO2 at an amount of 1% was enhanced by 88.1%, and the addition of 3% of nanoSiO2 raised compressive strength by 88%. Mechanical and durability properties of concrete structures, including concrete pavements, have been a focus of attention. In this regard, the potential of nanomaterials needs to be discussed more. Water permeability, abrasion, and compressive strength are assessed in this study. So far, the incorporation of diverse types of nanomaterials with different methods has caused the enhancement of some mechanical and durability properties of concrete. In the present study, five types of nanoparticles as nanoSiO2, nanoTiO2, nanoAl2O3, nanoFe2O3, and nanoFe3O4 in different amounts were uniformly dispersed and added to the concrete. To reduce the cost and decrease the required nanomaterials, specimens were made in two layers. The surface layer of specimens was made from self-compacting concrete containing nanoparticles with 1 cm depth, which was placed over the bottom layer from conventional concrete with different depths depending on the tests. The test results indicated that the properties of concrete pavements containing nanoparticles are improved comparing to the control specimen. For instance, in specimens containing nanoTiO2 as much as 3% by the weight of cement, the water permeability improved by 84.6%. Furthermore, the abrasion resistance of specimens containing nanoSiO2 at an amount of 1% was enhanced by 88.1%, and the addition of 3% of nanoSiO2 raised compressive strength by 88%.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3944_f9fe83f1ea3dd2108188fb7bf8aa5b3c.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Bentonite and Zeolite as Replacement of Cement Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Bentonite and Zeolite as Replacement of Cement 3355 3370 4081 10.22060/ceej.2020.17839.6707 FA Fatemeh Abdolshah Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University Omid Rezayfar Faculty Member of Semnan University 0000-0002-4753-7775 Majid Gholhaki Faculty Member of Semnan University 0000-0002-9904-8623 Journal Article 2020 02 10 The production of concrete consumes huge amounts of natural resources. Due to the consumption of natural resources for cement production, using industrial waste materials has gained interest among researchers. Environmental issues are one of the most important issues that should be taken into consideration. Zeolite and bentonite are considered as natural pozzolans, they are easy to extract and count as environmentally-friendly raw material compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In the current study, these materials were utilized blended with other materials and individually. Compressive strength, water absorption, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of concrete samples were evaluated. Moreover, 10 different mixing designs were designed to produce samples in the same curing condition with different content of bentonite and zeolite. These samples were cured for 7, 28, and 90 days. To investigate the properties of these materials as an alternative to OPC in the concrete, the results are compared with the blank sample. The optimum mixture was obtained by 6 wt. % of zeolite and 6 wt. % of bentonite, which was gained 93% of the compressive strength of the blank sample, i.e., 12.25 MPa, after 28 days of curing. This study also showed that the water absorption of samples with zeolite and bentonite had increased in comparison with the blank sample and the optimum amount in tension was observed 10 wt. % of bentonite. The production of concrete consumes huge amounts of natural resources. Due to the consumption of natural resources for cement production, using industrial waste materials has gained interest among researchers. Environmental issues are one of the most important issues that should be taken into consideration. Zeolite and bentonite are considered as natural pozzolans, they are easy to extract and count as environmentally-friendly raw material compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In the current study, these materials were utilized blended with other materials and individually. Compressive strength, water absorption, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of concrete samples were evaluated. Moreover, 10 different mixing designs were designed to produce samples in the same curing condition with different content of bentonite and zeolite. These samples were cured for 7, 28, and 90 days. To investigate the properties of these materials as an alternative to OPC in the concrete, the results are compared with the blank sample. The optimum mixture was obtained by 6 wt. % of zeolite and 6 wt. % of bentonite, which was gained 93% of the compressive strength of the blank sample, i.e., 12.25 MPa, after 28 days of curing. This study also showed that the water absorption of samples with zeolite and bentonite had increased in comparison with the blank sample and the optimum amount in tension was observed 10 wt. % of bentonite.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4081_486c825db2f776da72d0b7a791f45b8f.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Combining the Experimental Techniques of Mining Method Selection with Fuzzy Decision Making (Case Study: Mehdi Abad Lead & Zinc Mine) Combining the Experimental Techniques of Mining Method Selection with Fuzzy Decision Making (Case Study: Mehdi Abad Lead & Zinc Mine) 3371 3386 4320 10.22060/ceej.2021.17885.6710 FA Sajjad Dargahppor IKIU Reza Shakoor Shahabi Mine Optimization Lab- faculty of engineering- Imam Khomeini international university Farhad Samimi Namin zanjan university Mohsen Jamshidi Kavoshgaran Journal Article 2020 02 12 Mining method selection (MMS) is one of the most important decisions in conceptual and feasibility study of mine designs to selecting the least costly method of exploitation of ore which is in accordance with the reserve characteristics such as geological, geometric, and geomechanical, that safety, technical and economic constraints are taken into account. MMS techniques can be classified into three categories: qualitative techniques, empirical models, and decision making. To reduce the weaknesses of the empirical models, in this study, by combining it with the Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and Fuzzy PROMETEE decision-making technique, a suitable mining method in Mehdi Abad lead & zinc reserve has been proposed. First, using the experimental patterns: Nicholas, Nicholas modified, UBC, and UBC modified, the most suitable methods were identified. These methods include: Open-pit, sublevel stopping, room and pillar, and cut and fill that obtained the highest scores. For the implementation of Fuzzy MADM methods, the technical, economic, and environmental factors affecting the selection of the extraction method were determined based on the experts' opinions and their weights were calculated with the FAHP group technique. In the last step, by applying the Fuzzy PROMETEE technique, prioritization of the mining method was performed. Accordingly, open-pit mining was selected as the most suitable alternative. The proposed model has advantages in comparison with previous mining method selection techniques including weighting criteria with group decision making by FAHP, apply of Fuzzy data according to a real condition, having a strong theoretic structure based on Fuzzy PROMETEE. Mining method selection (MMS) is one of the most important decisions in conceptual and feasibility study of mine designs to selecting the least costly method of exploitation of ore which is in accordance with the reserve characteristics such as geological, geometric, and geomechanical, that safety, technical and economic constraints are taken into account. MMS techniques can be classified into three categories: qualitative techniques, empirical models, and decision making. To reduce the weaknesses of the empirical models, in this study, by combining it with the Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and Fuzzy PROMETEE decision-making technique, a suitable mining method in Mehdi Abad lead & zinc reserve has been proposed. First, using the experimental patterns: Nicholas, Nicholas modified, UBC, and UBC modified, the most suitable methods were identified. These methods include: Open-pit, sublevel stopping, room and pillar, and cut and fill that obtained the highest scores. For the implementation of Fuzzy MADM methods, the technical, economic, and environmental factors affecting the selection of the extraction method were determined based on the experts' opinions and their weights were calculated with the FAHP group technique. In the last step, by applying the Fuzzy PROMETEE technique, prioritization of the mining method was performed. Accordingly, open-pit mining was selected as the most suitable alternative. The proposed model has advantages in comparison with previous mining method selection techniques including weighting criteria with group decision making by FAHP, apply of Fuzzy data according to a real condition, having a strong theoretic structure based on Fuzzy PROMETEE.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4320_e0640c93b05097a9380870aa06aa0df4.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Parameters of Bitumen Modified with SBR and LDPE Polymers Produced in Iran and Imported SBS Polymer Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Parameters of Bitumen Modified with SBR and LDPE Polymers Produced in Iran and Imported SBS Polymer 3387 3402 3970 10.22060/ceej.2020.17919.6711 FA Amirhossain Ameri M.Sc. graduate, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Ameri Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6098-1037 Esmat Riahi M.Sc. graduate, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl Afshin M.Sc. graduate, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 13 An increase in traffic volume accompanied by an increase in axle load will induce higher stresses in pavement structures as a result early failure of the asphalt surface layer of pavement structures is observed. In the past two decades, modification of bitumen with polymeric materials has become a common practice to improve bitumen resistance against rutting and fatigue cracking. In this study, SBS, SBR, and LDPE are used with sasobit as a catalyst substance to evaluate fatigue characteristics of bitumen modified with these polymeric materials. Common tests recommended by SHRP researchers for evaluation and classification of neat bitumen as well as the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test suggested for modified binders are conducted in this study. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test results indicated that modification of neat bitumen with SBS, SBR, and LDPE polymers improved rutting index and increases high performance temperature of binders by three levels. Also, Sasobit reduced the rotational viscosity of polymer-modified binders and increased the high performance temperature of SBS-modified binders by one level. In addition, results of the BBR test showed that these additives did not have a positive effect upon the low-performance temperature of the modified binders. A comparison of fatigue performance of polymer modified binders based on the LAS test results also showed that SBR polymer had the most effect on increasing the fatigue life of the base binder. Besides, Sasobit increased the fatigue life of polymer-modified binders at high strain levels. An increase in traffic volume accompanied by an increase in axle load will induce higher stresses in pavement structures as a result early failure of the asphalt surface layer of pavement structures is observed. In the past two decades, modification of bitumen with polymeric materials has become a common practice to improve bitumen resistance against rutting and fatigue cracking. In this study, SBS, SBR, and LDPE are used with sasobit as a catalyst substance to evaluate fatigue characteristics of bitumen modified with these polymeric materials. Common tests recommended by SHRP researchers for evaluation and classification of neat bitumen as well as the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test suggested for modified binders are conducted in this study. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test results indicated that modification of neat bitumen with SBS, SBR, and LDPE polymers improved rutting index and increases high performance temperature of binders by three levels. Also, Sasobit reduced the rotational viscosity of polymer-modified binders and increased the high performance temperature of SBS-modified binders by one level. In addition, results of the BBR test showed that these additives did not have a positive effect upon the low-performance temperature of the modified binders. A comparison of fatigue performance of polymer modified binders based on the LAS test results also showed that SBR polymer had the most effect on increasing the fatigue life of the base binder. Besides, Sasobit increased the fatigue life of polymer-modified binders at high strain levels.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3970_11bcd3c1d43688891ed23f5677a174ea.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Environmentally Friendly Concrete with Emphasis on Selection of Optimal Mix Designs in Terms of Resistance and Economy Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Environmentally Friendly Concrete with Emphasis on Selection of Optimal Mix Designs in Terms of Resistance and Economy 3403 3422 4053 10.22060/ceej.2020.17920.6712 FA Amirhosein Sahraei Moghadam M.Sc., Faculty of Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran 0000-0003-0636-5513 Saeideh Moazami Goodarzi M.Sc., Faculty of Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. Journal Article 2020 02 13 The main purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of constructing environmentally friendly concrete. To achieve this purpose, the concrete waste was recycled and reused in constructing concrete. On the other hand, due to the high volume of environmental pollutants in the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacturing process, OPC was replaced with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Therefore, this study was investigated the mixing designs by 0, 50 and 100% natural aggregates (NA) replaced with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and 0, 15, and 30% OPC with GGBFS. In addition, the mixing designs were reinforced with 0, 0.5, and 1% hooked-end steel fiber. In total, this study was investigated 27 different mix designs containing RCA, GGBFS, and steel fibers. Various tests such as slump, water absorption, UPV, compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength were performed on specimens. The results showed that using RCA and GGBFS had a negative effect on the workability and compressive strength of concrete. Finally, by economic analysis and optimization of mixing designs, it was concluded that it is justified in terms of resistance and economy to use RCA as a replacement for NA to 50% and the use of GGBFS as a replacement for OPC to 30%. Furthermore, the results showed that the weakness of using RCA and GGBFS can be compensated by adding steel fibers. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of constructing environmentally friendly concrete. To achieve this purpose, the concrete waste was recycled and reused in constructing concrete. On the other hand, due to the high volume of environmental pollutants in the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacturing process, OPC was replaced with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Therefore, this study was investigated the mixing designs by 0, 50 and 100% natural aggregates (NA) replaced with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and 0, 15, and 30% OPC with GGBFS. In addition, the mixing designs were reinforced with 0, 0.5, and 1% hooked-end steel fiber. In total, this study was investigated 27 different mix designs containing RCA, GGBFS, and steel fibers. Various tests such as slump, water absorption, UPV, compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength were performed on specimens. The results showed that using RCA and GGBFS had a negative effect on the workability and compressive strength of concrete. Finally, by economic analysis and optimization of mixing designs, it was concluded that it is justified in terms of resistance and economy to use RCA as a replacement for NA to 50% and the use of GGBFS as a replacement for OPC to 30%. Furthermore, the results showed that the weakness of using RCA and GGBFS can be compensated by adding steel fibers.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4053_9565f1cd832c9675c76672081c819342.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles using a Combination of UTAUT and DOI Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles using a Combination of UTAUT and DOI 3423 3436 4033 10.22060/ceej.2020.17949.6720 FA Iman Farzin Ph.D., Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Amirreza Mamdoohi Associate professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5339-9807 Journal Article 2020 02 18 The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) revolutionized the future transportation system. Along with the potential benefits of this technology, new and unknown challenges in the field of transportation are emerging. One of the first steps in examining the impact of these devices is to identify latent variables that affect their acceptance. Most researchers have used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to examine the latent variables influencing the acceptance of AVs, which is a combination of the previous eight theories of acceptance models but ignores some variables affecting acceptance. In this paper, a combination of UTAUT and diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory, and the latent variables of performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI) (in UTAUT), and observability (OB), and trialability (TR) (in DOI) were examined. The results of the calibrated proposed model (for 338 samples obtained from the design and distributed questionnaire for this purpose in 2019 among the residents of Tehran) indicated that the PE and OB had the highest and least impact on the acceptance of AVs, respectively. The results of this study can be used by policymakers to address the barriers and challenges facing individuals to adopt this technology and thus benefit from its potential benefits. The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) revolutionized the future transportation system. Along with the potential benefits of this technology, new and unknown challenges in the field of transportation are emerging. One of the first steps in examining the impact of these devices is to identify latent variables that affect their acceptance. Most researchers have used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to examine the latent variables influencing the acceptance of AVs, which is a combination of the previous eight theories of acceptance models but ignores some variables affecting acceptance. In this paper, a combination of UTAUT and diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory, and the latent variables of performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI) (in UTAUT), and observability (OB), and trialability (TR) (in DOI) were examined. The results of the calibrated proposed model (for 338 samples obtained from the design and distributed questionnaire for this purpose in 2019 among the residents of Tehran) indicated that the PE and OB had the highest and least impact on the acceptance of AVs, respectively. The results of this study can be used by policymakers to address the barriers and challenges facing individuals to adopt this technology and thus benefit from its potential benefits.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4033_c0c783b5fc0d7d808f1d14a6e9c8280d.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Evaluation of the Effect of Nano CaCO3 on the Compressive Strength of Sandy Clay Soil with Different Percentage of Clay Evaluation of the Effect of Nano CaCO3 on the Compressive Strength of Sandy Clay Soil with Different Percentage of Clay 3437 3452 4208 10.22060/ceej.2020.17959.6723 FA Mostafa Mohamamdi University of Qom, Qom, Iran Mahdi Khodaparast University of Qom, Qom, Iran 0000-0002-4007-4093 Ali M. Rajabi Faculty member, Engineering Geology, Tehran University Journal Article 2020 02 20 Nanoparticles and nano-reinforcement are extensively used in geotechnical engineering and there are various reports on the effect of nanomaterials on the improvement of the engineering properties of various soil types. The effect of nano calcium carbonate (nano CaCO3) on the geotechnical properties of sandy clay (SC) soil containing different levels of clay was investigated. To this end, three types of SC soil containing 10, 20, and 30% clay and 0.3, 0.7, 1.1, and 1.5% nanoparticles were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and then placed under uniaxial compression test. Also, the experimental results were numerically analyzed by group method of data handling (GMDH) using an artificial neural network. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. According to the results, adding nano CaCO3 to SC soils, caused an increase in the uniaxial compressive strength and secant modulus. Moreover, the compressive strength obviously increased over time. An optimum nanoparticle level of 0.7% was obtained for the soils containing 20% and 10% clay. The corresponding nano CaCO3 level for the soil containing 30% clay was 1.1%. The effect of nano CaCO3 as an effective additive on the ultimate compressive strength of the soil was investigated by XRD and SEM evaluations. The results indicated an increase in the crystallinity of particles after adding CaCO3 nanoparticles. Finally, based on numerical analysis of the experimental result, a correlation was obtained to predict the uniaxial compressive strength of the improved SC soil with a mean error of 4%. Nanoparticles and nano-reinforcement are extensively used in geotechnical engineering and there are various reports on the effect of nanomaterials on the improvement of the engineering properties of various soil types. The effect of nano calcium carbonate (nano CaCO3) on the geotechnical properties of sandy clay (SC) soil containing different levels of clay was investigated. To this end, three types of SC soil containing 10, 20, and 30% clay and 0.3, 0.7, 1.1, and 1.5% nanoparticles were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and then placed under uniaxial compression test. Also, the experimental results were numerically analyzed by group method of data handling (GMDH) using an artificial neural network. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. According to the results, adding nano CaCO3 to SC soils, caused an increase in the uniaxial compressive strength and secant modulus. Moreover, the compressive strength obviously increased over time. An optimum nanoparticle level of 0.7% was obtained for the soils containing 20% and 10% clay. The corresponding nano CaCO3 level for the soil containing 30% clay was 1.1%. The effect of nano CaCO3 as an effective additive on the ultimate compressive strength of the soil was investigated by XRD and SEM evaluations. The results indicated an increase in the crystallinity of particles after adding CaCO3 nanoparticles. Finally, based on numerical analysis of the experimental result, a correlation was obtained to predict the uniaxial compressive strength of the improved SC soil with a mean error of 4%.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4208_4a71e49f6bda0c9b7642f39f1aa1f567.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Application of Optimized Neuro-Fuzzy Models for Estimation of Water Quality Index in Karun River Application of Optimized Neuro-Fuzzy Models for Estimation of Water Quality Index in Karun River 3453 3466 3942 10.22060/ceej.2020.17973.6725 FA Mohammad Najafzadeh Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Survey Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 0000-0002-4100-9699 Muhammad Lottfi-Dashbalagh Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil and Surveying Engineering Journal Article 2020 02 21 Management of water quality is inextricably bound up with making good management decisions and this typical management is at the mercy of predicting the water quality index (WQI). The use of board range of artificial intelligence models for analyzing surface water quality is one of the most efficient techniques to predict water quality parameters and WQI. In the current research, at the first, datasets accumulated from nine hydrometry stations, located in Karun River, were included those of 13 water quality parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, turbidity, pH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and water temperature) which was used to estimate WQI. So, to obtain an optimal selection of ANFIS model-feeding-input variables, gamma test (GT), forward selection (FS), and principal component analysis (PCA) evaluations were applied. Ultimately, constant coefficients of membership function used in the ANFIS model were computed by using evolutionary techniques including a genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) for training the structure of the ANFIS model. Results of statistical assessments indicated that the GT-ANFIS-PSO model with a correlation coefficient of 0.952, mean absolute error of 1.68, and root mean square error of 3.05 had a satisfying performance for prediction of WQI compared with other optimized ANFIS models. Moreover, values of WQI ranged from 30 to 58.4 which were indicative of being relatively poor to the good water quality of Karun River. Management of water quality is inextricably bound up with making good management decisions and this typical management is at the mercy of predicting the water quality index (WQI). The use of board range of artificial intelligence models for analyzing surface water quality is one of the most efficient techniques to predict water quality parameters and WQI. In the current research, at the first, datasets accumulated from nine hydrometry stations, located in Karun River, were included those of 13 water quality parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, turbidity, pH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and water temperature) which was used to estimate WQI. So, to obtain an optimal selection of ANFIS model-feeding-input variables, gamma test (GT), forward selection (FS), and principal component analysis (PCA) evaluations were applied. Ultimately, constant coefficients of membership function used in the ANFIS model were computed by using evolutionary techniques including a genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) for training the structure of the ANFIS model. Results of statistical assessments indicated that the GT-ANFIS-PSO model with a correlation coefficient of 0.952, mean absolute error of 1.68, and root mean square error of 3.05 had a satisfying performance for prediction of WQI compared with other optimized ANFIS models. Moreover, values of WQI ranged from 30 to 58.4 which were indicative of being relatively poor to the good water quality of Karun River.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3942_ec36e2ba64f11c9e910e0353e0836d81.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Effects of Concrete Constituent Materials on the Penetration of Surface Water Effects of Concrete Constituent Materials on the Penetration of Surface Water 3467 3480 4045 10.22060/ceej.2020.17978.6726 FA Mahmood Naderi Department of civil engineering, Faculty of engineering, International Imam Khomeini university, Qazvin, Iran Alireza Kaboudan Department of civil engineering, Faculty of engineering, International Imam Khomeini university, Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 21 Concrete is one of the widely used materials in hydraulic structures. The permeability of these structures is considered to be one of the most important factors. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of aggregates, cement paste, transition zones, and concrete surface strength, on the penetration of surface water into the concrete are presented. For this study, 150 mm concrete cubes containing granite, andesite, siliceous, limestone, marble, and tuff aggregates were prepared. These specimens also contained type 2 Portland cement, silica fume, fly-ash, zeolite, and limestone powder. These admixtures replaced 10% of the cement content. While the “cylindrical chamber” was used for the permeability measurement, the “Twist-off” method was used to estimate the surface strength of the concrete specimens. Regression analysis of the permeability readings of the parent rocks, cement paste, interfacial transition zone length, and concrete surface strength revealed that the penetrated water volume into the concrete specimens could be predicted, using the proposed regression equation. It was also observed that, compared with other considered parameters, the cement paste, and concrete surface strength had the highest and lowest impact on the concrete permeability, respectively. Concrete is one of the widely used materials in hydraulic structures. The permeability of these structures is considered to be one of the most important factors. Therefore, in this paper, the effects of aggregates, cement paste, transition zones, and concrete surface strength, on the penetration of surface water into the concrete are presented. For this study, 150 mm concrete cubes containing granite, andesite, siliceous, limestone, marble, and tuff aggregates were prepared. These specimens also contained type 2 Portland cement, silica fume, fly-ash, zeolite, and limestone powder. These admixtures replaced 10% of the cement content. While the “cylindrical chamber” was used for the permeability measurement, the “Twist-off” method was used to estimate the surface strength of the concrete specimens. Regression analysis of the permeability readings of the parent rocks, cement paste, interfacial transition zone length, and concrete surface strength revealed that the penetrated water volume into the concrete specimens could be predicted, using the proposed regression equation. It was also observed that, compared with other considered parameters, the cement paste, and concrete surface strength had the highest and lowest impact on the concrete permeability, respectively.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4045_ee0e95249268b86ff2053bef214bfeda.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Numerical Investigation of Shape Memory Alloys and Side Plates Perforation Effect on Hysteresis Performance of Connections Numerical Investigation of Shape Memory Alloys and Side Plates Perforation Effect on Hysteresis Performance of Connections 3481 3498 4057 10.22060/ceej.2020.17981.6727 FA Vahid Saberi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran Hamid Saberi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran Omid Misagh Mazaheri Master, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran Abbasali Sadeghi Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-3016-9080 Journal Article 2020 02 22 The most common disadvantage in moment connections is the brittle fracture of the welded area during an earthquake. One creative way to fix such disadvantages is to use Side Plates to connect the beam to the column. Previous studies have focused more on the performance of connections with side plates and comparison of these connections with other types of moment connections. In this study, the effect of material type, thickness, and perforation of the side plates on the cyclic performance is investigated. For this purpose, in addition to using side plates of soft steel (ST37) and high strength structural steel (ST52), nickel-titanium-shaped memory alloy (SMA-Ni-Ti) was also used to investigate the superelastic effect of this alloy on the connection performance. Modeling and analysis were performed in ABAQUS finite element software under cyclic loading. The results showed that the increased capacity and ductility of the side plate connections with shape memory alloy. Also, the findings revealed that optimal thicknesses can be obtained for a side plate to create the maximum possible ductility at the connection and preventing the formation of plastic hinges. According to the results obtained by changing the configuration and cutting in connection and in general, the capacity of the connection decreased by 0.04 radian (moment frame acceptance limit) and stress concentration in the cutting corners had the greatest effect on the failure of the side plates. The most common disadvantage in moment connections is the brittle fracture of the welded area during an earthquake. One creative way to fix such disadvantages is to use Side Plates to connect the beam to the column. Previous studies have focused more on the performance of connections with side plates and comparison of these connections with other types of moment connections. In this study, the effect of material type, thickness, and perforation of the side plates on the cyclic performance is investigated. For this purpose, in addition to using side plates of soft steel (ST37) and high strength structural steel (ST52), nickel-titanium-shaped memory alloy (SMA-Ni-Ti) was also used to investigate the superelastic effect of this alloy on the connection performance. Modeling and analysis were performed in ABAQUS finite element software under cyclic loading. The results showed that the increased capacity and ductility of the side plate connections with shape memory alloy. Also, the findings revealed that optimal thicknesses can be obtained for a side plate to create the maximum possible ductility at the connection and preventing the formation of plastic hinges. According to the results obtained by changing the configuration and cutting in connection and in general, the capacity of the connection decreased by 0.04 radian (moment frame acceptance limit) and stress concentration in the cutting corners had the greatest effect on the failure of the side plates.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4057_4b04b0dcd2ade339a3d7ce13252a29d4.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Transverse Flow Characteristics in the Meandering Compound Channels Transverse Flow Characteristics in the Meandering Compound Channels 3499 3516 4253 10.22060/ceej.2021.17983.6728 FA Mohammad Naghavi Ph.D. Candidate in Civil Eng. Water & Hydraulic Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Eng., Urmia University. Mirali Mohammadi Associate Prof. in Civil Eng. Hydraulics &amp; River Mechanics, Dept. of Civil Eng., Faculty of Eng., Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0001-7194-9393 Ghorban Mahtabi Assistant Professor in Water Engineering, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan. Journal Article 2020 02 22 Natural channels always form meanders along their path, and it is important to consider the effect of this meander on the flow characteristics pattern. When a flood occurs, the water level crosses the main section of the river and enters its floodplains. In this case, the river crossing becomes a compound cross-section. In this study, using the Flow3D software (powerful software in the field of computational fluid dynamics), the vortex rotational power and transverse flow in the meandering compound channel under the influence of relative depth and Sinusoidal Change were investigated. For this purpose, six channels with different sinuosity and three relative depths were used. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the maximum rotational power of vortices increased with an average of about 195% by increasing the sinusoidal rate from 1 to 1.209. The maximum rotational strength of the vortices and the transverse flow rate occurred at a 45-degree angle to the central arc and a sinusoidal value of 1.209. In the main cross-section of the meandering compound channel, for all sinusoidal values, by decreasing the relative depth, the vortex and transverse rotation strengths increased and the rate of change in transverse current power relative to relative depth changes decreased with increasing sinusoidal rate. Natural channels always form meanders along their path, and it is important to consider the effect of this meander on the flow characteristics pattern. When a flood occurs, the water level crosses the main section of the river and enters its floodplains. In this case, the river crossing becomes a compound cross-section. In this study, using the Flow3D software (powerful software in the field of computational fluid dynamics), the vortex rotational power and transverse flow in the meandering compound channel under the influence of relative depth and Sinusoidal Change were investigated. For this purpose, six channels with different sinuosity and three relative depths were used. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the maximum rotational power of vortices increased with an average of about 195% by increasing the sinusoidal rate from 1 to 1.209. The maximum rotational strength of the vortices and the transverse flow rate occurred at a 45-degree angle to the central arc and a sinusoidal value of 1.209. In the main cross-section of the meandering compound channel, for all sinusoidal values, by decreasing the relative depth, the vortex and transverse rotation strengths increased and the rate of change in transverse current power relative to relative depth changes decreased with increasing sinusoidal rate.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4253_6a182a16e66268d7ce85fcfe945df787.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Evaluation of Behavior Factors for Steel Moment Frames under Critical Consecutive Earthquakes using Artificial Neural Network Evaluation of Behavior Factors for Steel Moment Frames under Critical Consecutive Earthquakes using Artificial Neural Network 3517 3534 4047 10.22060/ceej.2020.18011.6737 FA Sahar Rouzrokh Natural Disasters Prevention Research Center, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Elham Rajabi Department of Civil Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran 0000-0003-1384-1792 Gholamreza Ghodrati Amiri Natural Disasters Prevention Research Center, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3244-0943 Journal Article 2020 02 26 Structures that are located in seismic active regions are often subjected to successive earthquakes which occurred with significant PGA in a short time after each other. Studies about different responses of the structures under seismic sequence phenomena, such as structural damage, ductility, displacement, and behavioral factor indicate that the successive earthquakes, depending on their severity, have significant effects on the different demands of structures. For instance, the behavior factor (R factor) is one of the significant parameters in the study of structural response that decreases the lateral forces induced by earthquakes. Therefore, the structure with non-elastic deformations absorbs a great amount of earthquake energy, thus the earthquake energy decreases considerably. Regarding the potential loss of successive earthquakes and the importance of behavioral factors, this paper calculates and estimates this parameter for steel moment frames under critical successive earthquakes. Thus, three steel moment frames with 3, 7, and 11 stories are designed according to Iranian seismic codes (standard No. 2800) and modeled in OpenSEES software. After the design of these frames, critical seismic scenarios with/without successive shocks, are selected and the R factors of steel moment frames are calculated from the results of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA(, time history, and nonlinear static analysis (pushover). The results showed about a 12% reduction in the R factor and, also an increment of damages under successive earthquakes comparing to the individual one. Finally, to estimate the R factor, artificial neural networks are designed using frame properties, successive earthquakes, and extracted behavior factors. The comparison of predicted behavior factors with real values indicated the ability of networks for the estimation of results. Structures that are located in seismic active regions are often subjected to successive earthquakes which occurred with significant PGA in a short time after each other. Studies about different responses of the structures under seismic sequence phenomena, such as structural damage, ductility, displacement, and behavioral factor indicate that the successive earthquakes, depending on their severity, have significant effects on the different demands of structures. For instance, the behavior factor (R factor) is one of the significant parameters in the study of structural response that decreases the lateral forces induced by earthquakes. Therefore, the structure with non-elastic deformations absorbs a great amount of earthquake energy, thus the earthquake energy decreases considerably. Regarding the potential loss of successive earthquakes and the importance of behavioral factors, this paper calculates and estimates this parameter for steel moment frames under critical successive earthquakes. Thus, three steel moment frames with 3, 7, and 11 stories are designed according to Iranian seismic codes (standard No. 2800) and modeled in OpenSEES software. After the design of these frames, critical seismic scenarios with/without successive shocks, are selected and the R factors of steel moment frames are calculated from the results of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA(, time history, and nonlinear static analysis (pushover). The results showed about a 12% reduction in the R factor and, also an increment of damages under successive earthquakes comparing to the individual one. Finally, to estimate the R factor, artificial neural networks are designed using frame properties, successive earthquakes, and extracted behavior factors. The comparison of predicted behavior factors with real values indicated the ability of networks for the estimation of results.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4047_e366d105cfd734677897aaccf51e97a3.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Evaluation of the YPS method for Regular RC Buildings Designed Based on the Iranian Standard 2800 Evaluation of the YPS method for Regular RC Buildings Designed Based on the Iranian Standard 2800 3535 3554 4181 10.22060/ceej.2020.18031.6741 FA Shahab Eslami Islamic Azad University, Ashtian Branch Hadi Sayyadpour Faculty of Technology and Mining, Yasouj University, Choram Journal Article 2020 03 02 The performance-based design method has received the attention of researchers and engineers in recent two decades. In this regard, different methods have been proposed by the codes to design and assess the performance of structures. The main purpose of this study is the evaluation of the Iranian seismic code's efficiency. For this research, three 1, 5, and 10-storey buildings having moderate concrete moment frames are designed based on the criteria of the Iranian code. Then, the seismic performance of these structures is evaluated according to the yield point spectrum (YPS), ATC-40, and Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions method through nonlinear static analysis. There are two different approaches in the YPS method which include evaluating the performance point location relative to the performance boundary and comparing the response modification factor demand with the one used for design. However, ATC-40 and Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions methods evaluate the structure’s response at the performance point and target displacement, respectively. Results showed that the studied structures satisfy life safety performance levels according to the YPS and Iranian seismic rehabilitation instruction methods, while the 10-storey building satisfies the immediate occupancy performance level based on the ATC-40 criteria. Moreover, in the case of the examined structures, the Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions are more strict than the other methods and the buildings designed based on the Iranian codes are evaluated as seismically safer based on ATC-40 and YPS in comparison with the Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions. The performance-based design method has received the attention of researchers and engineers in recent two decades. In this regard, different methods have been proposed by the codes to design and assess the performance of structures. The main purpose of this study is the evaluation of the Iranian seismic code's efficiency. For this research, three 1, 5, and 10-storey buildings having moderate concrete moment frames are designed based on the criteria of the Iranian code. Then, the seismic performance of these structures is evaluated according to the yield point spectrum (YPS), ATC-40, and Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions method through nonlinear static analysis. There are two different approaches in the YPS method which include evaluating the performance point location relative to the performance boundary and comparing the response modification factor demand with the one used for design. However, ATC-40 and Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions methods evaluate the structure’s response at the performance point and target displacement, respectively. Results showed that the studied structures satisfy life safety performance levels according to the YPS and Iranian seismic rehabilitation instruction methods, while the 10-storey building satisfies the immediate occupancy performance level based on the ATC-40 criteria. Moreover, in the case of the examined structures, the Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions are more strict than the other methods and the buildings designed based on the Iranian codes are evaluated as seismically safer based on ATC-40 and YPS in comparison with the Iranian seismic rehabilitation instructions.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4181_e254457f7497c00fbb0d2bb4ac36487b.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 CS and RCPT Prediction of Concrete Samples Using Bayesian Inference and Performing Different Reliability Analyzes CS and RCPT Prediction of Concrete Samples Using Bayesian Inference and Performing Different Reliability Analyzes 3555 3576 4141 10.22060/ceej.2020.18029.6743 FA Mehdi Komasi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ayatollah ozma Borujerdi 0000-0003-0473-7264 Seyed Ali Hassanzadeh M.Sc. of Structural Engineering, Razi University 0000-0001-8952-1985 Journal Article 2020 03 02 Compression strength (CS) and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) are very significant parameters in mechanical and durability properties in concrete, respectively. Analytical methods such as formulas and graphs for prediction and reliability of CS and RCPT in concrete samples are gathered with many problems. Many soft computing methods are very accurate in the prediction of CS and RCPT but these methods are deterministic or have not reliability tools. For these reasons, Bayesian inference is used which is a probabilistic and linear method. For this purpose, according to some of the concrete samples, a probabilistic relation is proposed for each CS and RCPT. The accuracy of each proposed formula is tested, and after verification of them, reliability analysis is performed. In this study, the first-order reliability method (FORM), Monte-Carlo sampling (MCS), and histogram sampling are used for reliability analysis. Each of these methods has unique properties that FORM is linear and has a very short time-consuming. MCS and histogram sampling are nonlinear and have high time-consuming but their accuracy are very high. Histogram sampling is similar to MCS but in this type of analysis, reliability results for any outcomes are given, and time-consuming in this method is very high. A three-method analysis of CS and RCPT showed that the results are closed together. So, using FORM because of use easily and save time-consuming can be a reasonable choice for reliability analysis of CS and RCPT in concrete samples. Compression strength (CS) and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) are very significant parameters in mechanical and durability properties in concrete, respectively. Analytical methods such as formulas and graphs for prediction and reliability of CS and RCPT in concrete samples are gathered with many problems. Many soft computing methods are very accurate in the prediction of CS and RCPT but these methods are deterministic or have not reliability tools. For these reasons, Bayesian inference is used which is a probabilistic and linear method. For this purpose, according to some of the concrete samples, a probabilistic relation is proposed for each CS and RCPT. The accuracy of each proposed formula is tested, and after verification of them, reliability analysis is performed. In this study, the first-order reliability method (FORM), Monte-Carlo sampling (MCS), and histogram sampling are used for reliability analysis. Each of these methods has unique properties that FORM is linear and has a very short time-consuming. MCS and histogram sampling are nonlinear and have high time-consuming but their accuracy are very high. Histogram sampling is similar to MCS but in this type of analysis, reliability results for any outcomes are given, and time-consuming in this method is very high. A three-method analysis of CS and RCPT showed that the results are closed together. So, using FORM because of use easily and save time-consuming can be a reasonable choice for reliability analysis of CS and RCPT in concrete samples.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_4141_5eb13cb69b6e20dd7a42030f5936a9dc.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Face Pressure Evaluation in Serviceability Limit State Face Pressure Evaluation in Serviceability Limit State 3577 3592 3948 10.22060/ceej.2020.18036.6745 FA Ebrahim Farrokh Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 03 05 In urban areas, tunneling is accompanied by ground surface settlement. To reduce the risks of the operation, it is always required to have an assessment of ground surface settlement and face pressure. In the evaluation of the face pressure, there are two major sets of methods based on the ultimate limit state (ULS) (e.g. tunnel face failure), and serviceability limit state (SLS) (e.g. unacceptable settlement or heave). In a serviceability limit state, volume loss and surface settlement are used for the analysis of the face pressure. The methods developed for the analysis of SLS face pressure are based on the results of small-scale centrifuge tests or case studies with the unpressurized face. Hence, realistic face pressure cannot be evaluated with these methods. This paper summarizes the major strategies for the evaluation of face pressure in an undrained condition. The outlined methods are utilized to evaluate tunnel face pressure in the Tehran metro line 6, south extension (ML6-SE) project. Results of the analyses showed that predicted face pressures with the SLS methods are far above the required face pressure. To make realistic SLS face pressure evaluations in this project (considering a maximum allowable surface settlement of 10 mm), using ground characteristics and TBM operational parameters, a new formula was introduced with a coefficient of determination of 84%. The results of this paper can be very helpful for both the design phase of a tunneling project and the construction period to adjust the face pressure based on the requirement of the allowable surface settlement. In urban areas, tunneling is accompanied by ground surface settlement. To reduce the risks of the operation, it is always required to have an assessment of ground surface settlement and face pressure. In the evaluation of the face pressure, there are two major sets of methods based on the ultimate limit state (ULS) (e.g. tunnel face failure), and serviceability limit state (SLS) (e.g. unacceptable settlement or heave). In a serviceability limit state, volume loss and surface settlement are used for the analysis of the face pressure. The methods developed for the analysis of SLS face pressure are based on the results of small-scale centrifuge tests or case studies with the unpressurized face. Hence, realistic face pressure cannot be evaluated with these methods. This paper summarizes the major strategies for the evaluation of face pressure in an undrained condition. The outlined methods are utilized to evaluate tunnel face pressure in the Tehran metro line 6, south extension (ML6-SE) project. Results of the analyses showed that predicted face pressures with the SLS methods are far above the required face pressure. To make realistic SLS face pressure evaluations in this project (considering a maximum allowable surface settlement of 10 mm), using ground characteristics and TBM operational parameters, a new formula was introduced with a coefficient of determination of 84%. The results of this paper can be very helpful for both the design phase of a tunneling project and the construction period to adjust the face pressure based on the requirement of the allowable surface settlement.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3948_6df182582740607da754e4515b70e32d.pdf

Amirkabir University of Technology Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering 2588-297X 53 8 2021 10 23 Application of Achieve-Based Genetic Algorithm for Consequence Management of Contaminant Entering in Water Distribution Networks Application of Achieve-Based Genetic Algorithm for Consequence Management of Contaminant Entering in Water Distribution Networks 3593 3604 3994 10.22060/ceej.2020.18055.6750 FA Fariborz Masoumi Department of civil engineering, faculty of engineering, university of mohaghegh ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Seyyed Nasser Bashi-Azghadi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Environment, Khavaran Higher Education Institute, Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0001-9408-0328 Abbas Afshar Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology Journal Article 2020 03 06 In this research, for the first time, finding the optimal operation actions in WDN to decrease the optimization time is taken into consideration. Valve(s) and hydrant(s) are also employed for isolating and flushing the contamination out of the network. The proposed embedded simulation-optimization approach for consequence management in this study is compromised EPANET simulation model and archive-based non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Two objective functions are considered in this paper. The first objective function, minimized numbers of field operational actions related to expenses of the optimal solutions, whereas the other one minimized “consumed contamination mass” take into account for public health and safety. 20 valves and 31 hydrants are designed to insulate the network and discharge pollution, respectively. Without a follow-up management program, the total amount of contamination consumed in the event of network contamination would be 81.3 kg. Using 15 reactive activities, the mass of contamination consumed has reached 60.6 kg. For extracting the Pareto front between these objective functions with general NSGA-II which is a constraint to a maximum of 15 operational actions, approximately 73 minutes is required. To decrease this optimization time, archive-based NSGA-II is taken into account. With an archiving concept, it is possible to not implement a simulation model for similar chromosomes. Sensitivity analysis on the archive capacity of 0, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 chromosomes has been investigated. As an example, with an increase in archive capacity from 0 to 5000, the required time for extracting the optimal Pareto front is reduced from 73 to about 35 minutes, indicating a decrease of more than 50%. The results showed that if a small amount is selected for the archive capacity, for example, 50 or 100, the time required to extract optimal activities increases slightly relative to the base state. The reason for this is that if a small amount is selected for the archive capacity, part of the implementation time of the simulation-optimization model will be spent on finding similar chromosomes, and due to the low capacity of the archive, t is time to use the archive capacity. Using the archive, it is possible to reduce the time optimization and consequence management of the network in real-time operation. In this research, for the first time, finding the optimal operation actions in WDN to decrease the optimization time is taken into consideration. Valve(s) and hydrant(s) are also employed for isolating and flushing the contamination out of the network. The proposed embedded simulation-optimization approach for consequence management in this study is compromised EPANET simulation model and archive-based non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Two objective functions are considered in this paper. The first objective function, minimized numbers of field operational actions related to expenses of the optimal solutions, whereas the other one minimized “consumed contamination mass” take into account for public health and safety. 20 valves and 31 hydrants are designed to insulate the network and discharge pollution, respectively. Without a follow-up management program, the total amount of contamination consumed in the event of network contamination would be 81.3 kg. Using 15 reactive activities, the mass of contamination consumed has reached 60.6 kg. For extracting the Pareto front between these objective functions with general NSGA-II which is a constraint to a maximum of 15 operational actions, approximately 73 minutes is required. To decrease this optimization time, archive-based NSGA-II is taken into account. With an archiving concept, it is possible to not implement a simulation model for similar chromosomes. Sensitivity analysis on the archive capacity of 0, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 chromosomes has been investigated. As an example, with an increase in archive capacity from 0 to 5000, the required time for extracting the optimal Pareto front is reduced from 73 to about 35 minutes, indicating a decrease of more than 50%. The results showed that if a small amount is selected for the archive capacity, for example, 50 or 100, the time required to extract optimal activities increases slightly relative to the base state. The reason for this is that if a small amount is selected for the archive capacity, part of the implementation time of the simulation-optimization model will be spent on finding similar chromosomes, and due to the low capacity of the archive, t is time to use the archive capacity. Using the archive, it is possible to reduce the time optimization and consequence management of the network in real-time operation.

https://ceej.aut.ac.ir/article_3994_adf8d7f8c53c8688e63a02bfb3055497.pdf